<p>Connecticut Street Armory, also known as the 74th Regimental Armory, is a historic National Guard armory building located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. It is sited at Columbus Park. It is a massive castle-like structure built in 1899 of Medina sandstone. It was designed by architect Isaac G. Perry. It consists of a -story administration building with an attached 2-story drill shed all constructed of sandstone, lying on a rusticated battered stone foundation. The building features 4- to 6-story towers surrounding the administration building, and a -story square tower at the center entrance. It is home to the 74th Regiment of the New York National Guard.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>Duke Street in Bath, Somerset, England was built in 1748 by John Wood, the Elder. Several of the buildings have been designated as Grade I listed buildings. The street, which overlooks the River Avon, is pedestrianised with no vehicles permitted to enter.</p><br>
<p>Duke Street was part of a wider scheme to build a Royal Forum, including South Parade, Pierrepont Street and North Parade, similar to Queen Square, which was never completed. Wood designed the facade, of Bath stone, after which a variety of builders completed the work with different interiors and rear elevations. Many of the buildings are now hotels whilst some remain as private residences.</p><br>
<p>Numbers 1 and 2 are known as the Georgian House, and numbers 3, 4 and 5 form part of the Southbourne Hotel.</p><br>
<p>The last house, number 14, adjoins number 14 North Parade.</p><br>
<p>The Forest of Chaux is the second largest forest in France. Its 20,493 hectares are located in the region of Franche-Comté on the plains west of the Jura mountains.</p><br>
<p>Exploitation of the forest dates back to the thirteenth century, and there is an ancient tradition of raftsmen floating timber down the Loue to the Saône and the Rhone, and thence to the Mediterranean. Today, the "Confrérie Saint Nicolas" maintains the raftsman tradition on the Loue.</p><br>
<p>When Franche-Comté became part of France in 1678, the Crown took possession of the Forest because of its potential for supplying timber for the Royal navy. In 1779, Louis XIV ordered the construction of the Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans near the forest so that the works could use its wood to produce salt by boiling brine.</p><br>
<p>Camden Crescent in Bath, Somerset, England, was built by John Eveleigh in 1788; it was originally known as Upper Camden Place. Numbers 6 to 21 have been designated as a Grade I listed buildings. The other houses are Grade II listed.</p><br>
<p>The houses are of three storeys, with attics and basements. At the southern end of the crescent the basements are at ground level because of the contours of the land. In 1889 a landslide demolished 9 houses at the east end of the crescent. The remains of the houses were demolished and removed to allow Hedgemead Park to be built. This means that the central feature of the crescent is no longer in the middle. The two paired doors of numbers 16 and 17, at what would have been the centre are beneath a pediment supported by five Corinthian columns. The arms of Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden, for whom the crescent was named, are on the doorway keystones along with an elephant&#39;s head which was his symbol.</p><br>
<p>In July 1951 Number 1 Camden Crescent was the scene of an abduction when John Straffen took five-year-old Brenda Goddard and later killed her.</p><br>
<p>In Jane Austen&#39;s Persuasion (novel) the Elliot family rent lodgings on Camden Place as the Crescent was then known.</p><br>
<p>Pierce Arrow Factory Complex is a national historic district consisting of the former Pierce-Arrow automobile factory located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. Located over a 34 acre site, it consists of a three story, 132,970 ft&sup2; Administration Building and an assortment of automobile manufacturing and assembly related structures. The buildings are principally constructed of reinforced concrete, and the Administration Building is considered one of the two earliest fully realized examples of the Daylight Factory industrial architecture style . It was designed by Albert Kahn in about 1906 and served as the headquarters and production facility for Pierce-Arrow automobiles until 1938. Since then, the complex has been subdivided over the years to provide affordable space for many small companies and organizations. At one time local department store chain AM&A&#39;s operated a furniture warehouse in part of the complex.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Trico Plant No. 1 is a historic windshield wiper factory building located in Buffalo, New York. It is an example of a style of architecture sometimes referred to as the daylight factory, a style for which Buffalo is well known. The building was mostly constructed in the 1920s and 1930s of reinforced concrete and features curtain walls of metal sash windows and brick spandrels, although a portion of the plant incorporates an historic brewery building from the 1890s. It was the original home of Trico Products Corporation, the first manufacturer of windshield wipers, and was an important factory during a period when Trico was the largest employer in the city of Buffalo. The building is also known for once being the office of John R. Oishei , the company&#39;s founder and an industrialist who went on to become one of the most important philanthropists in the Buffalo Niagara Region.</p><br>
<p>The Trico business continued to operate at the building until 1998, when, after having transferred most of its manufacturing facilities to Texas and Mexico, the company moved out of the building. In 2003, plans were developed and conditionally approved by the New York State Historic Preservation Office to reuse the building as a mixed residential and commercial structure. That developer subsequently died, and in 2007 the property was purchased by the Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus (BNMC). After sitting dormant for another four years, it was reported that BNMC planned demolition of about 95% of the building beginning on April 15, 2012 (saving only the brewery building). Meanwhile, community groups have called attention to BNMC&#39;s refusal to conduct an adaptive reuse study or evaluation process prior to demolition to assess the feasibility of building reuse.</p><br>
<p>Trico Plant No. 1 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Trico Plant No. 1 was the first factory built by Trico, which went on to become a major manufacturer of windshield wipers. The company was founded by John R. Oishei, who in 1917 was the manager of the Teck Theater in Buffalo, when while driving in a heavy rain he struck a bicyclist with his car. This inspired Oishei to team up with John Jepson to market the windshield wiper blade Jepson had invented. The business first rented manufacturing space in North Buffalo, but in 1919 the Pierce Arrow Motor Company contracted the manufacturer to supply manually operated wipers for its luxury cars, and in 1920 Cadillac, Packard, and Lincoln did the same. The growing business, now fully owned by Oishei, purchased and moved its operations to the former ice house of the Christian Weyand Brewery at 624 Ellicott Street, recently made vacant by Prohibition.</p><br>
<p>The four-story, 40,000 square foot, brewery buildings brownstone and brick facade can still be seen from Ellicott Street surrounded by newer parts of the factory, and is known as Building #1. The building was built in the 1890s for the Weyand Brewing Company at a time when several large breweries were located in what was then a German American neighborhood. Christian Weyand (1826-1898), a German-speaking shoemaker from the Lorraine region in eastern France had earlier partnered with John Schetter to start the brewing business. Shortly after his two sons joined him in the business in the early 1890s, Weyand expanded the brewery to a capacity of over one million barrels per year, and built the ice house as a storage facility. The ice house is the only surviving part of the Weyand Brewery, and Oisheis decision to adapt and reuse the brewery building preserves one of the few remnants of Buffalo&#39;s once flourishing beer-making industry.</p><br>
<p>The building continued to be used by Trico for the manufacture of windshield wipers and related automotive parts until 1998, when the plant was closed. Buildings #9 and #10 were subsequently rehabilitated and used for the BNMC Innovation Center, a biomedical business incubator. The remaining parts of the plant have remained vacant.</p><br>
<p>John R. Oishei died in 1968. During his life he started a charitable foundation that has become one of the most important philanthropies in the Buffalo Niagara Region. In 2010, The John R. Oishei Foundation had $284 million in assets and contributed more than $14 million to community and medical causes in the region.</p><br>
<h2>Daylight Factory Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The first complete example of a concrete daylight factory was Ransome&#39;s Pacific Coast Borax Refinery – Second Phase factory in Bayonne, NJ of 1903. The architectural style reached a fully realized form in 1906 with the Packard Automotive Plant in Detroit, and in 1907 with the Pierce Arrow Administrative Building in Buffalo. At its peak in the 1910s and 1920s, the concrete daylight factory was a dominant industrial architectural style, but by the 1930s when Trico Plant No. 1 was mostly complete, the style was becoming less common as electric lighting reduced the need for large windowed factory space and as multistory factories became less prevalent.</p><br>
<p>The daylight factory is well represented in Buffalo. In addition to the Pierce Arrow Building and Trico Plant No. 1, examples include the Larkin R/S/T Warehouse, and the Buffalo Meter Company Building. Another example, currently called the Tri-Main Center, was built by the Ford Motor Company in 1915 and later purchased by Trico and named Trico Plant No. 2.</p><br>
<p>M. Wile and Company Factory Building is a historic garment factory located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. It is an early and significant example of the "Daylight Factory." The four story building erected in 1924, is constructed of reinforced concrete and features curtain walls of metal sash windows. It was home to M. Wile & Company until 1999; a major manufacturer of men&#39;s suits founded by Mayer Wile in Buffalo in 1877. In 1969, the company became a subsidiary of Hartmarx.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, plans were announced for redevelopment of the historic factory building as part of the Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus. The first floor of the building is occupied by the Buffalo Employment and Training Center.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Oakmere hill fort is an Iron Age hill fort, one of many large fortified settlements constructed across Britain during the Iron Age, but one of only seven in the county of Cheshire in northern England. It is protected as a Scheduled Ancient Monument. Despite being a low-lying site, Oakmere is still considered a hill fort.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the first millennium BC. The reason for their emergence in Britain, and their purpose, has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze, and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status. Power passed into the hands of a new group of people. Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe believes that population increase still played a role and has stated that " provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress burst out into open warfare. But I wouldn&#39;t see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction".</p><br>
<h2>Location and layout</h2><br>
<p>Although there are over 1,300 hill forts in England, they are concentrated in the south of the country, with only seven in Cheshire. There are two groups of hill forts in the county, each with three members (Maiden Castle is on its own in the south); Oakmere hill fort is in the southern group with Eddisbury hill fort and Kelsborrow Castle. Located at, Oakmere, in common with all of the hill forts in Cheshire, sits on part of the central ridge that runs north–south through the county. A low-lying site, Oakmere hill fort is on a triangular area of land projecting into a mere, also called Oakmere.</p><br>
<p>Today, the waters of the mere are 10 ft below the defences at the south-western end of the site, with a 35 ft gap between the edge of the mere and the defences; however when the hill fort was built the water-level would have been higher and closer to the scarp, offering the site natural defences. Ramparts were thrown up around the south-west and north sides of the site, creating an arc, and a ditch was created in front of the rampart. The bank survives to a height of 6 ft and, at its deepest point, the ditch is now 6 ft deep although it was originally 10 ft deep; the distance between the inner edge of the bank and the outer edge of the ditch is 100 ft. The depth of the ditch is not uniform, indicating that either the hill fort was unfinished or perhaps bearing testament to an attempt by the inhabitants of Oakmere hill fort to re-excavate and deepen the ditch.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1960, Oakmere hill fort was excavated by archaeologist James Forde-Johnston; the excavation focused on the site&#39;s southern defences and showed that the ditch was 50 ft wide at its zenith and originally 10 ft deep in places. The site has been disturbed and there are two modern breaks in the defences.</p><br>
<p>The Volcano Block Building is a historic structure in Hilo, Hawaii built in 1914.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Completed in 1914, this two story commercial building of reinforced concrete in the Italian Renaissance style is representative of the major structures built in Hilo between 1910 and 1915 as the city grew to be the second largest commercial center in the Hawaiian Islands.</p><br>
<p>Measuring approximately 60 feet by 90 feet and fronting on Waianuenue Avenue, the structure occupies the site of the former Volcano Stables. Three retail spaces on the ground floor each have separate store fronts. The entry stair to the second floor office spaces is located between the first and second retail spaces at the East side. Three separate full basements are located below these spaces. It was the first building built in Hilo to house multiple businesses in the same structure, and the first not constructed for its owner&#39;s occupancy.</p><br>
<p>A vault on the ground floor was probably constructed by the first tenant in the space,</p><br>
<p>the Peoples Bank of Hilo when they opened on September 1, 1916. Another notable tenant was the C. Brewer & Co., which had purchased the Pepeekeo Sugar Company in 1904.</p><br>
<p>The Hilo Masonic Hall was another of the few fireproof buildings built just a few years earlier and a block away, in 1910.</p><br>
<p>The only earlier commercial building that survives in Hilo is the S. Hata Building, built in 1912 by the brother of a board member of the Peoples Bank. The Hilo Federal Building was also built in this part of Hilo in 1915.</p><br>
<p>In 1922 the first bank disaster in Hawaii caused the Peoples Bank to shut down. The "big five" corporations controlled by descendants of early American missionaries, might have been a factor in its demise. Although known for the sugar industry, major banks were also controlled by the same families. These include the Bishop Bank which opened in Hilo in 1910 (now First Hawaiian Bank), and First Bank of Hilo which opened in 1906 (now part of Bank of Hawaii).</p><br>
<p>In 1929 the building was purchased by C. Brewer for their subsidiary Hilo Terminal and</p><br>
<p>Transportation Company there until 1953 when they moved to the Hilo Pier and the parent company moved its Hilo corporate offices into the building. During this period the Hilo Chamber of Commerce used the second floor of the building. In 1961, upon completion of the C. Brewer Building in Honolulu as corporate offices, C. Brewer sold the building to Irving Melnick, a clothing manufacturer, who owned the structure until his death, when it passed to the living Melnick Trust. Coyne Mattress Company purchased the property</p><br>
<p>in 1992, the owners as of 2009.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed as state historic site 10-35-7507 on September 28, 1992, and added to the National Register of Historic Places listings on the island of Hawaii on January 7, 1993 as site 92001748.</p><br>
<p>Saturn Club is a private social club, founded in 1885, in Buffalo in Erie County, New York that currently operates out of an NRHP building at 977 Delaware Ave. in Buffalo, New York.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1885, The Saturn Club was founded by thirteen young men who wanted to congregate in a less formal setting than their father&#39;s traditional clubs.</p><br>
<p>Faculty</p><br>
<p>Dean</p><br>
<p>Registrar</p><br>
<p>Bursar</p><br>
<p>Initially, the members met in a house owned by Sprague&#39;s grandfather but by 1886, the members decided to rent three rooms at the rear of a dwelling at 640 Main Street. In 1887, they moved to another rented house, a small Second Empire style home at 331 Delaware Avenue, before relocating to a larger, Italianate cottage at 393 Delaware Avenue, opposite the Buffalo Club.</p><br>
<p>In 1889, the club and its 150 members formally incorporated in Erie County and decided to construct their own building. By February, the directors had purchased a lot, 417 Delaware Avenue, at the southeast corner of Delaware Avenue and Edward Streets, not far from the Buffalo Club. On this site, they constructed a three-story brick building, designed by the Marling & Burdett firm of Buffalo. The building was dedicated on December 13, 1890.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in the 1890s, the club added baseball games, lectures, costume balls, and vaudeville shows to the club’s programming. A library was initiated and debates were held on the important issues of the time. These debates often included participation with other area clubs, including the Buffalo Club, the University Club, and the Garret Club.</p><br>
<p>In 1900, then Gov. Theodore Roosevelt visited and had dinner at the Club during his visit to Buffalo.</p><br>
<p>In 1985, women were officially admitted as full members, however, in the immediate years preceding the change, women had full use of the club, through a relationship with the Garret Club, as well as through their spouses or other connections.</p><br>
<h3>1922 building</h3><br>
<p>In December 1920, only 30 years after the original buildings dedication, a new building committee suggested selling the existing clubhouse and erecting a new building elsewhere. Club member Duane Lyman, of Bley & Lyman, was asked to develop new plans for a clubhouse along with Ralph Plumb, a club member. The club purchased property at 977 Delaware Avenue and approved Lyman&#39;s plans for the present day Tudor style building, by February 1921.</p><br>
<p>On October 21, 1921, the cornerstone of the new building was laid and exactly one year later, on October 21, 1922, the clubhouse was dedicated. The Tudor Revival structure featured an enclosed open courtyard.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>and By completion, the project ended up totaling $500,000</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h3>Renovations</h3><br>
<p>In 2002, the Club underwent a $1 million renovation that added two squash courts as well as general upgrades to its athletic facilities. The Saturn Club already had one international regulation doubles court and two singles courts. The new courts allow the club to host competitions. The other renovation work includes improvements to both the mens and womens locker rooms and the addition of exercise equipment. Hamilton Houston Lownie Architects, PC designed the additions and Integrated Realty & Development Corp. served as construction manager.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, the interior was remodeled by Michael Donnelly Interiors and focused on two rooms: The Delaware Room and The Red Room. The Red Room features a fireplace and is accented by dark wood paneling along with a rich red covering. Panel draperies with 12-inch wide, red fabric bands were added to frame the leaded windows. New furniture, chandelier covers and brown paisley carpeting with a red background were also added. The Delaware Room has a more clean look showcasing the over-sized historic wall panels that depict seaside life. The fabrics are striped with blues and beiges that are intended to complement the murals.</p><br>
<h2>Prohibition</h2><br>
<p>On August 29, 1923, Federal agents under William J. Donovan, who himself was a member of the Club, raided both the Saturn Club and the Country Club of Buffalo. Agents found at least sixty quarts of whisky, a similar amount of gin, five gallons of moonshine, bottles of champagne, vermouth, and other liquors inside the organization’s lockers, according to court documents. The chair of the club’s house committee told reporters the night of the raid that the liquor “evidently was smuggled in by bootlegging employees of the club.”</p><br>
<p>A listing of those charged with dry law violations was published in the newspaper After the names were published, the members and the club had little option but to agree to a settlement and do away with the sliding doors.</p><br>
<h2>Notable members</h2><br>
<p>Notable former members of Saturn Club include:</p><br>
<p>Robert B. Adam, founder of AM&A&#39;s department store</p><br>
<p>John J. Albright, industrialist, philanthropist, and namesake of the Albright Knox Art Gallery</p><br>
<p>Owen Augspurger, civic leader</p><br>
<p>George K. Birge, owner of M. H. Birge & Sons Co., director of the 1901 Pan American Exposition, and president of Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Company</p><br>
<p>Lawrence Bell, aerospace entrepreneur, founder of Bell Aircraft</p><br>
<p>Edward H. Butler, Jr., publisher of the Buffalo Evening News</p><br>
<p>Stephen Merrell Clement, president of Marine Bank</p><br>
<p>William J. Conners II, publisher of the Buffalo Courier-Express</p><br>
<p>William J. Conners III, publisher of the Buffalo Courier-Express</p><br>
<p>William J. Donovan, soldier, lawyer, intelligence officer and diplomat</p><br>
<p>Robert Donner, Donner Steel Company ■</p><br>
<p>John T. Elfvin, federal judge</p><br>
<p>E.B. Green, Jr., architect</p><br>
<p>George A. Forman ■</p><br>
<p>Burt P. Flickinger, Jr., entrepreneur, philanthropist, organizer of the 1993 World University Games</p><br>
<p>William A. Gardner ■</p><br>
<p>Bradley J. Gaylord ■</p><br>
<p>Anson Goodyear, founder and first president of the Museum of Modern Art, president of Great Southern Lumber, director of Paramount Pictures</p><br>
<p>Charles W. Goodyear, founder and head of numerous rail lines</p><br>
<p>George F. Goodyear, board president of the Buffalo Museum of Science, founder of WGRZ-TV, Saturn Club historian</p><br>
<p>William B. Hoyt, politician</p><br>
<p>Thomas B. Lockwood, candidate for Lt. Governor in 1914</p><br>
<p>Duane Lyman, architect ■</p><br>
<p>Edward A Kent, owner of Flint & Kent</p><br>
<p>Irvine J. Kittinger, Jr., proprietor of the Kittinger Company</p><br>
<p>Northrup R. Knox, co-founder of the Buffalo Sabres</p><br>
<p>Seymour H. Knox, businessman ■</p><br>
<p>Seymour H. Knox III, co-founder of the Buffalo Sabres</p><br>
<p>Dr. Baldwin Mann ■</p><br>
<p>Edward McGinley III, Wharton graduate</p><br>
<p>John R. Oishei, founder of Trico</p><br>
<p>John Olmsted, landscape architect, nephew and adopted son of Frederick Law Olmsted</p><br>
<p>Roswell Park, founder of Roswell Park Cancer Institute</p><br>
<p>Ralph Plumb ■</p><br>
<p>Theodore M. Pomeroy ■</p><br>
<p>Peter A. Porter, Jr. ■</p><br>
<p>Ansley Wilcox Sawyer, industrialist ■</p><br>
<p>George F. Rand, president of Marine Midland Bank</p><br>
<p>Ira G. Ross, scientist, engineer, leader of Calspan</p><br>
<p>Dexter P. Rumsey, tannery owner, real estate entrepreneur</p><br>
<p>William G. Schoellkopf ■</p><br>
<p>Ralph H. Sidway ■</p><br>
<p>Frank St. John Sidway, lawyer and National Guard leader and candidate for Lt. Governor in 1914</p><br>
<p>John E. Selkirk ■</p><br>
<p>Clarence Sidway ■</p><br>
<p>Carlton Sprague, lawyer, politician, and chancellor of the University of Buffalo</p><br>
<p>Harlan J. Swift, president of Erie County Savings Bank</p><br>
<p>George P. Urban, miller, entrepreneur and director of numerous Buffalo corporations</p><br>
<p>Henry Z. Urban, publisher of the Buffalo News</p><br>
<p>James D. Warren ■</p><br>
<p>Shelton Weed ■</p><br>
<p>Ansley Wilcox, scholar, Oxford graduate, lawyer, and civil service reform commissioner</p><br>
<p>Harry D. Williams ■</p><br>
<p>Seymour White ■</p><br>
<p>■ Indicates that the individual was named in the newspaper during the 1923 raid</p><br>
<p>Porto da Barra Beach is located in Barra neighborhood in the city of Salvador, Brazil. It is located at the entrance of the Baía de Todos os Santos, with a small, white colonial fort at one end and a whitewashed church sitting up on a hill at the other.</p><br>
<p>As the beach is in a bay, the water is calm (given that it is right in the heart of Brazil&#39;s third-largest city). And in a country with over 7,000 km (4,349 mi) of east-facing coastline, the Porto is one of the few facing west, and sunsets can be seen from there.</p><br>
<p>Porto da Barra was the site of Bahia&#39;s first European settlement, Vila Velha, or the Old Village. During the 1960s it was a hangout for Tropicalistas Caetano Veloso (who sang of the beach in his song "Qual é Baiana?") and Gilberto Gil and their crowd.</p><br>
<p>Humpback Rock is a massive greenstone outcrop near the peak of Humpback Mountain with a summit elevation of 3,080 ft. The rock is so named for the visual effect of a "hump" it creates on the western face of the mountain. Humpback Rocks, along with a well maintained trail and visitors&#39; center, are located in the Blue Ridge Mountains near Waynesboro, Virginia in Augusta County and Nelson County.</p><br>
<p>Located six miles (10 km) south of the northern entrance to the Blue Ridge Parkway, Humpback Rocks stands out from many other mountain summits in the Blue Ridge due to its exposed rocky summit, in contrast to the heavily vegetated peaks of surrounding mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>As is the case for most of the surrounding mountains, such as Old Rag Mountain, Humpback Rocks is underlain by an enormous granite formation, created during the Grenville Orogeny on the ocean floor about a billion years ago. About 400 million years after the Grenville Orogeny during the Catoctin Formation, basaltic magma was deposited, forming a layer of greenstone over the granite. Over time, sand and rock sedimented on the ocean floor forming quartzite and sandstone deposits. Finally sedimentation of shells and skeletons of foraminifera resulted in deposition of a layer of limestone. Approximately 700 million years after the Grenville Oregny, the Iapetus Ocean began to close resulting in the Alleghenian Orogeny where slabs of granite and rock were transported westward and eventually thrust up over the limestone bed around it, forming Humpback Rock and the Blue Ridge Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Humpback Gap Overlook</h2><br>
<p>From 1851 until the early 20th century, wagoners hauling cargo used the bygone road Howardsville Turnpike to go between Howardsville and the Shenandoah Valley. Often the travelers camped at Humpback Gap. Nearby are the 795 acre of Humpback Rocks Recreation Area. Notable is the rock fence, reputedly built by slaves of a plantation owner, that separates the gap and Greenstone Overlook.</p><br>
<p>Shortly by, at milepost 5.8, are the Humpback Rocks.</p><br>
<p>The early European settlers of the Appalachian Mountains forged a living from the native materials so abundant around them. Hickory, chestnut and oak trees provided nuts for food, logs for building and tannin for curing hides, while the rocks were put to use as foundations and chimneys for the houses and in stone fences to control wandering livestock. Many self-sufficient farms sprang up in the Humpback Mountain area.</p><br>
<p>Today, visitors can tour a collection of 19th Century farm buildings. The Mountain Farm trail provides access to the cabin and various outbuildings. The area also houses a visitor center with new exhibits, a picnic area, and trails.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking</h2><br>
<h3>Overview</h3><br>
<p>Hiking Humpback Rocks is a relatively short hike following a 2.0 mi trail loop. With a roughly 45 minute hike to ascend 740 ft to the peak, and a 20-25 minute descent, this ranks as one of the shorter hikes along the Blue Ridge, however it remains one of the most rewarding. The peak affords a spectacular 360 degree view of the surrounding terrain. To the north you can see into the southern section of Shenandoah National Park, to the east check out the patchwork of farms, to the southwest you see thick woods and mountain ridges of the George Washington National Forest.</p><br>
<p>Hikers may continue to follow the Trail for.5 mi, passing along the top of a cliff with views to the south and east before descending 1.2 mi to a blue blaze trail. This trail leads.3 mi into the Humpback Rocks Picnic Area. The distance between Humpback Gap and the Humpback Rocks Picnic Area is 3.6 mi. A map of the hike and of the Humpback Gap Overlook is available through the.</p><br>
<p>Continuing past Humpback Rocks itself, the summit of Humpback Mountain is only a few minutes further. The Appalachian Trail is only a short hike to the north, at milepost 6.</p><br>
<h3>Directions</h3><br>
<p>The Humpback Rocks Visitors Center is located at milemarker 5.8, six miles south of the Rockfish Gap Interchange of I-64 and US 250. It is most easily accessed by either one of these two highways. Head south on the Blue Ridge Parkway for 5.8 mi to reach the Humpback Rocks Visitors Center, or continue another 0.2 mi to arrive at the Humpback Gap parking area on the left.</p><br>
<p>A map of the Blue Ridge Parkway including Humpback Rocks can be found at the</p><br>
<h3>Camping</h3><br>
<p>Camping is available nearby in the Sherando Lake Recreation Area in the George Washington National Forest off the Blue Ridge Parkway a few miles south. Coming from the north on the Appalachian Trail there is an AT shelter called The Paul C. Wolfe shelter.</p><br>
<h3>Appalachian Trail</h3><br>
<p>The Appalachian Trail can also be accessed from the Humpback Gap parking area. Southbound hikers can reach it by continuing south on the Humpback Rocks trail. Northbound hikers can reach it taking the one mile (1.6 km) blue blazed path at the northern end of the parking lot, or the one mile (1.6 km) white blazed path just off of the Howardsville Turnpike.</p><br>
<p>Hardy Memorial Tower at San Diego State University, constructed as a Works Progress Administration project in 1931, is 11 stories  tall; it contains the Fletcher Symphonic Carillon  , consisting of 204 bells over 6 octaves. Hardy Memorial Tower is part of the original core of the SDSU campus on Montezuma mesa, and was the University&#39;s original library.</p><br>
<h2>Namesake</h2><br>
<h3>Tower</h3><br>
<p>The Hardy Memorial Tower is named for Dr. Edward Hardy (1868–1958), who served as President of the State Normal School, SDSUs predecessor institution, from 1910 to 1935. During his tenure the college was relocated to Montezuma Mesa, and its name was changed to San Diego State College. Hardy also served on both the State and City Boards of Education, and in 1936, after his retirement, was appointed Executive Director of the San Diego Museum (now the San Diego Museum of Man). Also named for Dr. Hardy are Hardy Avenue, just south of the present SDSU campus and Hardy Elementary School (located next to the SDSU campus). In 1976, by permission of the statewide Board of Trustees and in gratitude for his contributions to the university, it was named the Hardy Memorial Tower. Dr. Hardys profile graces a bronze plaque designed by San Diego sculptor Donal Hord.</p><br>
<h3>Chimes/Bells</h3><br>
<p>The Fletcher Symphonic Carillon was presented as a gift to SDSU by Senator and Mrs. Ed Fletcher in 1946 to commemorate the fiftieth (50th) anniversary of the university and to serve as a memorial to students lost in war.</p><br>
<h2>Notability</h2><br>
<p>Hardy Memorial Tower is recognized as an important symbol of San Diego State University to the greater San Diego community.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, two historic murals (previously thought to be lost) were uncovered in Hardy Memorial Tower.</p><br>
<p>NRA Packages, a mural painted in 1936 by Genevieve Burgeson Bredo, and for many years thought lost, has been restored and is now on display inside Malcolm A. Love Library. The mural was discovered in 2004 behind ceiling tiles inside SDSUs Hardy Memorial Tower, which was part of the universitys first library. Painted in a variety of media, it portrays three men unloading National Recovery Act (NRA) packages from a van near San Diego&#39;s Hillcrest neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>A second, larger mural, George Sorensons San Diego Industry,&#39; remains in Hardy Memorial Tower. This mural depicts the successive stages of tuna fishing and canning, along with the multi-ethnic work force involved in that industry. The library hopes to remove, restore and relocate this mural.</p><br>
<p>See and.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Tower stands in the northwest corner of Hepner Hall Quad. In addition to classrooms and lecture halls, the Hepner Hall Quad houses the offices of the College of Health and Human Services.</p><br>
<p>Bulandet is an archipelago in the sea off the mainland coast of Western Norway. The island group is part of Askvoll Municipality in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. It sits about 20 km west of the mainland coast of Askvoll. The islands of Værlandet and Alden lie immediately east of Bulandet. The Geita Lighthouse lies about 10 km southeast of Bulandet.</p><br>
<p>Bulandet is Norway&#39;s westernmost fishing village with a fish packing plant that has freezing and cooling systems. Bulandet Chapel is located at Kjempeneset on one of the main islands. The islands are connected to nearby Værlandet island by a series of bridges and roads. There is a regular ferry stop at Værlandet, connecting all of these islands to the mainland village of Askvoll.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, Bulandet was used as a port for sailings between Norway, Shetland, and Scotland. The settlement at Bulandet was ravaged by punitive German attacks.</p><br>
<p>God&#39;s Providence House is at 9 Watergate Street and 11–11A Watergate Row, Chester, Cheshire, England. The house incorporates part of the Chester Rows, is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building, and is included in the English Heritage Archive.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original building on the site was constructed in the 13th century but the present house was built in 1652. During the 19th century its owners wanted to demolish it but around this time the Chester and North Wales Architectural, Archaeological and Historical Society were campaigning against the loss of ancient buildings in the city. The owners agreed to a timber replacement of the building which was carried out by James Harrison in 1862. He incorporated some of the timberwork from the original house, and designed a larger and more elaborate building.</p><br>
<p>The name of the house is reputed to come from its being the only house to have escaped the outbreak of plague in 1647–48 which killed 2,000 people in the city. However this house was not built until after the plague and it is more likely that it refers to the owners of the previous building on the site being spared the disease.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is part of a terrace on the south side of Watergate Street. It is built in sandstone and timber framing with plaster panels and a slate roof. It has four storeys and a gable overlooking the street. At the street level is a modern shop front and, to the right, a set of concrete steps leading up to the row level. Set back at this level is another modern shop front. Overlooking the street is a Jacobean style railing. Above the row level is a fascia board inscribed "GOD&#39;S PROVIDENCE IS MINE INHERITANCE". In the centre of the third storey is a central nine-pane casement window, surrounded by timber framing with recessed moulded plaster panels. Across the base of the attic storey is a row of quatrefoil braces, with a four-pane window in the centre. At the sides and above the window is more timber framing with panels similar to those on the third storey. At the top of the gable is an elaborately carved bargeboard and, at its summit, a finial. Internally in the undercroft at street level, some 13th century sandstone fabric is still present in the east party wall.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>The building features in the novel God&#39;s Providence House: A Story of 1791 (1865) by Isabella Banks.</p><br>
<p>The Noah "Bud" Ogle Place was a homestead located in the Great Smoky Mountains of Sevier County, in the USA state of Tennessee. The homestead presently consists of a cabin, barn, and tub mill built by mountain farmer Noah "Bud" Ogle  in the late 19th century. In 1977, the homestead was added to the National Register of Historic Places and is currently maintained by the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.</p><br>
<p>The surviving structures at the Noah Ogle Place are characteristic of a typical 19th-century Southern Appalachian mountain farm. Ogles cabin is a type known as a "saddlebag" cabin (two single-pen cabins joined by a common chimney), which was a relatively rare design in the region. Ogles barn is an excellent example of a four-pen barn, a design once common in the area, although this barn is the last remaining four-pen barn in the park. Ogles tub mill is the parks last surviving operational tub mill and one of the few operational tub mills in the region. A later owner of the Ogle farm renamed the farm "Junglebrook," and the farm is thus sometimes referred to as the "Junglebrook Historic District."</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Noah Ogle Place is situated near LeConte Creek (formerly known as Mill Creek) in the upper drainage of the West Fork of the Little Pigeon River. Gatlinburg lies opposite the park boundary to the north, Roaring Fork lies opposite the hills to the east, the Sugarlands lies opposite the hills to the west, and Mount Le Conte rises to the south. Cherokee Orchard Road (still occasionally referred to as Airport Road) connects the Noah Ogle Place to USA Route 441 in downtown Gatlinburg to the north and to the Roaring Fork Motor Nature Trail to the south. The site&#39;s tub mill is situated on the banks of LeConte Creek, approximately 0.5 mi from the cabin and barn.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Noah Ogles great-grandparents, William Ogle (1756&ndash;1803) and his wife Martha Huskey (1756&ndash;1826), were the first Euro-American settlers in the Gatlinburg area, arriving in the early 19th century (their cabin still stands on the Arrowmont School campus in downtown Gatlinburg). The Ogles descendants quickly spread out into the adjacent river and creek valleys. Noah Ogle&#39;s farm originally consisted of 400 acre, although by the early 20th century he had subdivided his land among his children, and retained only 150 acre. These last 150 acre comprise the bulk of the Bud Ogle Farm historic district.</p><br>
<p>Ogles cabin and outbuildings were built in the late 1880s and early 1890s. The land was poor and rocky (the National Park Service later claimed it was "unsuitable" for farming), and Ogle mostly grew corn. The land did include a sizeable apple orchard which grew multiple types of apples. Ogles relatives were allowed free use of his tub mill, while others were charged a small percentage of meal.</p><br>
<p>Along with the surviving structures and typical mountain farm outbuildings, Ogles farm included a so-called "weaner cabin." A weaner cabin was typically a small cabin near the main house where the farmers children could live for a brief period after marrying. Several of Ogle&#39;s sons lived in the Ogle weaner cabin after their respective marriages. The weaner cabin is no longer standing, although a pile of rubble remains from its foundation.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s, several investors established a 796 acre commercial apple orchard and ornamental nursery known as "Cherokee Orchard" just south of the Ogle homestead. When the Tennessee Park Commission began buying up property for the creation of the national park in the late 1920s, the owners of Cherokee Orchard threatened to fight a major appropriations for bill for the parks funding if their land was condemned. The orchards owners dropped their opposition in 1931 in exchange for a long lease on the property.</p><br>
<h2>Historic structures</h2><br>
<h3>Noah Ogle cabin</h3><br>
<p>The Noah Ogle cabin consists of two cabins sharing a single chimney, known as a "saddlebag" cabin. The cabins were built approximately five years apart, the second cabin being added as Ogles family grew. Both cabins measure 18 ft by 20 ft, and each consists of one story and a loft. The cabins walls consist of hewn logs connected by half-dovetail notches, with six doors (one on the front and back wall of each cabin, and two next to the chimney to allow quick passage between the two buildings). Each cabin has a split-oak shingled roof, a sawn board floor, and hearths made of rubble. The cabin&#39;s windows were initially shuttered, but eventually replaced with glass. One cabin has a small window near the floor that allowed chickens to enter to escape predators. A covered porch spans both the front and back walls of both cabins.</p><br>
<h3>Ogle barn</h3><br>
<p>The Ogle barn is the last remaining four-pen barn in the park. It consists of four 11 ft2 pens, each one story with a loft, covered by a split-shingled roof. Like the cabin, the barn&#39;s walls are constructed of hewn logs connected by half-dovetail notches. The park service made numerous repairs to the barn in the 1960s.</p><br>
<h3>Tub mill</h3><br>
<p>Ogle&#39;s tub mill is the last of at least 13 tub mills once located along LeConte Creek. The millhouse is an 11 ft by 11 ft building resting on mudsills and round log supports above LeConte Creek, about a half-mile from Ogle cabin and barn. The walls consist of logs connected with saddle notches, and the floor consists of hewn puncheon logs. A vertical shaft beneath the millhouse connects the grindstones with a "tub wheel" turbine. An 80 ft hollowed-log flume diverts water from the creek to the turbine. The mill was restored to its operational condition in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The Volcanic Eifel or Vulkan Eifel  is a region in the Eifel Mountains in Germany, that is defined to a large extent by its volcanic geological history. Characteristic of this volcanic field are its typical explosion crater lakes or maars, and numerous other signs of volcanic activity such as volcanic tuffs, lava streams and volcanic craters like the Laacher See. The Volcanic Eifel is still volcanically active today. One sign of this activity is the escaping gases, for example, in the Laacher See.</p><br>
<h2>Geographical location</h2><br>
<p>The Volcanic Eifel stretches from the Rhine to the Wittlich Depression. It is bordered in the south and southwest by the South Eifel, in the west by the Luxembourg and Belgian Ardennes and in the north by the North Eifel including the Hohes Venn. To the east the Rhine forms its geographical boundary; with no volcanicity immediately beyond it.</p><br>
<p>The Volcanic Eifel is divided into three natural regions:</p><br>
<p>Volcanic West Eifel (Manderscheid, Daun, Gerolstein, Obere Kyll, Hillesheim (within the parish of Nohn),</p><br>
<p>Volcanic High Eifel (Adenau, Kelberg, Ulmen and Nohn),</p><br>
<p>Volcanic East Eifel (Brohltal, Vordereifel, Mendig, Pellenz)</p><br>
<p>The centre of the Volcanic Eifel is the region around Daun and Manderscheid and the areas within the Mayen-Koblenz district.</p><br>
<p>The landscape of the Volcanic Eifel is dominated by recent volcanism. Volcanic craters, thick pumice and basalt layers and maars create a diverse landscape, that clearly witnesses to very recent events in geological terms.</p><br>
<p>The entire Volcanic Eifel covers an area of about 2000 km² and has a population of about 200,000.</p><br>
<h3>Volcanoes</h3><br>
<p>The following volcanoes belong to the Eifel, sorted by height in metres (m) above sea level (Normalhöhennull, NHN):</p><br>
<p>Ernstberg (also: Erresberg; 699.8 m), county of Vulkaneifel – west</p><br>
<p>Scharteberg (691.4 m), county of Vulkaneifel; with the Eifel Transmitter (SWR) – west</p><br>
<p>Prümscheid (681 m), county of Vulkaneifel – not volcanic (eponymous quartzite ridge; other summits being the Scharteberg and Dietzenley)</p><br>
<p>Hochkelberg (674.9 m), county of Vulkaneifel; with a transmission mast on its south summit – Tertiary</p><br>
<p>Nerother Kopf (651.7 m), county of Vulkaneifel; with the castle ruins of the Freudenkoppe – west</p><br>
<p>Dietzenley (617.6 m), county of Vulkaneifel; with a wooden observation tower – west</p><br>
<p>Arensberg (ca. 590 m), county of Vulkaneifel – Tertiary</p><br>
<p>Hochsimmer (587.9 m), county of Mayen-Koblenz – east</p><br>
<p>Gänsehals (575.3 m), county of Mayen-Koblenz – east</p><br>
<p>Engelner Kopf (575.1 m), county of Ahrweiler (near Kempenich-Engeln) – east</p><br>
<p>Hochstein (563 m), county of Mayen-Koblenz – east</p><br>
<p>Steineberger Ley (557.8 m), county of Vulkaneifel; with a Volcano Information Platform (observation tower) – Tertiary</p><br>
<p>Rockeskyller Kopf (554.6 m), county of Vulkaneifel – west</p><br>
<p>Hoher List (549.1 m), county of Vulkaneifel; with the Hoher List Observatory – west</p><br>
<p>Wartgesberg (ca. 475 m), county of Vulkaneifel (near Strohn) – west</p><br>
<p>Veitskopf (428.1 m), county of Ahrweiler; near Laacher See; with an observation tower, the Lydia Tower – east</p><br>
<p>Ettringer Bellberg (427.5 m), county of Mayen-Koblenz (south of Ettringen) – east</p><br>
<p>Karmelenberg (372.5 m), county of Mayen-Koblenz – east</p><br>
<p>Mayener Bellberg (363.2 m), county of Mayen-Koblenz (north of Mayen) – east</p><br>
<p>Korretsberg (295.0 m), county of Mayen-Koblenz (near Kruft) – east</p><br>
<p>→ See also: List of mountains and hills of the Eifel</p><br>
<h2>Geopark and museums</h2><br>
<p>Vulkanland Eifel National Geopark</p><br>
<p>Volcano Museum, Daun</p><br>
<p>Volcano House, Strohn</p><br>
<p>German Volcano Museum, Mendig</p><br>
<p>Elk Pass  is a high mountain pass in the Canadian Rockies, traversing the continental divide. It connects the Elk Valley in the province of British Columbia with the Kananaskis Valley in Alberta.</p><br>
<p>The pass is unusual by its 4 km width, as the two valleys were created from a single glaciated trench. The 1916 Alberta/British Columbia Provincial Boundary Surveyors subdivided it into two routes labeled as "West Passage" and "East Passage." These would later be gazetteered as West Elk Pass and East Elk Pass.</p><br>
<p>Elk Pass is inaccessible to conventional road traffic. On the Albertan side it reaches into Peter Lougheed Provincial Park, while on the British Columbian side it is slightly east of Elk Lakes Provincial Park.</p><br>
<p>The Trans Canada Trail has hoped to designate preexisting hiking trails through the Elk Pass as its continental divide-crossing section, but has come into conflict with coal mines in the Upper Elk Valley over the impacts such a routing would have on their ability to expand their mine sites. In the past, residents of Elkford, British Columbia had proposed extending British Columbia Highway 43 over the pass and into Alberta, creating a new all-weather route from B.C. to Calgary, but in light of enhanced environmental protection on the Albertan side, the project is no longer considered likely.</p><br>
<p>Lake Hell &#39;n Blazes is on the upper reaches of the St. Johns River in Brevard County, Florida, United States, about 10 mi southwest of Melbourne. The name has been attributed to the words used by early 20th century boatman while trying to navigate through what are said to have been "floating islands".</p><br>
<p>An archaeological site near the lake, known in the literature as Helen Blazes, was excavated in the 1950s. Stone artifacts from Paleo-Indians (prior to 8000 BCE), the Archaic period (8000 BCE to 1000 BCE) and later cultures were found at the site. The Paleo-Indian artifacts included numerous Suwannee points. Paleo-Indian and Archaic artifacts included tools made from chert, which is not found locally and had to be imported from at least 100 mi away. The Paleo-Indian artifacts were found in the same kind of deposits as were similar artifacts in Melbourne (10 mi to the northeast) and Vero Beach (30 mi to the south of Melbourne), both of which also yielded human and pleistocene animal fossils.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, all lakes in the St. Johns River system have increased in nitrogen and phosphorus during the past decade. This was due to runoff from fertilizers for farming and lawns. This has left the lake dead. There are insufficient funds in the foreseeable future to dredge the muck from the lake to start the process for re-purification.</p><br>
<p>Just south of this lake in the natural flow of the St Johns River, where it appears to be the turning point of the northern flowing River. The south inlet of this lake reveals signs that water is flowing north from the delta type layers of sand build up.</p><br>
<p>There is a small opening forming on the east side of river just south of the lake. It appears this may be the turning point of the actual flow of what is the largest northern flowing River in the US the St Johns River.</p><br>
<p>Lake Hell n Blazes serves as the inspiration for the name of a local Melbourne Craft Brewery which goes by the name Hell n Blazes Brewing Company. It is located in the Melbourne Historic District at 1002 E New Haven Ave, Melbourne, FL 32952</p><br>
<p>Pico da Vara is the highest mountain on the island of São Miguel, in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores, and principal special protection of the Nature Reserve of Pico da Vara. The area around the mountain includes the largest remaining stand of the native laurisilva forest on the island, home to the critically endangered endemic Azores bullfinch.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>It lies in the eastern part of the island, in the Serra da Tronqueira range, within the confluence of the municipalities of Nordeste and Povoação.</p><br>
<p>The nature reserve begins a dirt road, that connects the region to the plateau of the Graminhais to Pico da Vara, in an area that the road intersects para of the Ribeira do Purgar. The border inflects towards the northwest, passing to an area 947 m, until the 900 m isoline, then continues to the east until the pedestrian trail from Malhada, where it heads north to Grota Escura. From this grottoe is descends until the Ribeira do Guilherme, inflecting to the south to another grottoe that separates the spikes of Francisco Pires e dos Bodes, until the roadway of Tronqueira. The border continues to the north until Serreta, descending later to the west again, until the roadway once again, following it until the crossroad of Grotinha do Pico Verde. Continuing on the valley west until the 775 m isoline, it ascends until the 800 m elevation until the ravine west of Pico Verde. The frontier descends the ravine until the 700 m elevation, following a northerly trajectory terminating at the afluente of the Ribeira do Purgar.</p><br>
<p>Situated in the eastern part of the island of São Miguel, its relief is characteristically mountainous, cut by valleys that are fed by perennial and permanent ravines.</p><br>
<p>Access to this area and the mountain requires a special permit. This authorisation can be obtained through an online application form.</p><br>
<h2>Biome</h2><br>
<p>Pico da Vara is part of the Natura 2000 reserve, classified under the Birds Directive, as a special protection zone that includes 1982 hectares of rich botanical and notable landscape environments. The region is primarily part of the Nature Reserve of Pico da Vara, an area that not includes the peak by the partial reserve of Graminhais, classified in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Vegetation in Pico da Vara is dominated by a dense forest of Laurissilva, whose origins date to the humid forests of the Tertiary, existent in the south of Europe that dominated for millions of years until the onset of glaciation. The forests of Pico da Vara has an elevated level of endemic species, that includes shrub plants, large fennel and dense ferns. These include Madeiran holly (Ilex perado), Azorean holly (Ilex azorica), flowering laurel (Viburnum tinus and Viburnum subcordatum), Azores juniper (Juniperus brevifolia), Azores laurel (Laurus azorica), Portugal laurel (Prunus lusitanica), Azorean laurel (Prunus azorica), woolly tree fern (Culcita macrocarpa), Azores blueberry (Vaccinium cylindraceum) and a wood rush (Luzula purpureo-splendens).</p><br>
<p>Fauna is these forests and shrublands include rare terrestrial birds, such as the Azores bullfinch (Pyrrhula murina), endemic to the Azores, whose refuge is confined primarily to the existent Laurissilva forests of Pico da Vara. This rare bird is considered at risk for extinction. In addition to the bullfinch the zone is habitat for Common chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs moreletti), Common buzzard (Buteo buteo rothschild), Azores wood pigeon (Columba palumbuz azorica) and the São Miguel goldcrest (Regulus regulus azoricus), among others.</p><br>
<p>Plaza Colón is the main plaza in the city of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. This plaza and its fountain commemorate the explorer Christopher Columbus, whose name in Spanish was Cristóbal Colón. The plaza presents the traditional urban relationship in Puerto Rico with the church, now Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria Cathedral on one end of the plaza and the "Alcaldia" or Mayagüez town hall in the other. Its location was designated in 1760 close to the city founding.</p><br>
<p>The plaza is paved in marble is graced by a group of lampposts in bronze that date over more than one hundred years. Each lamp is held by an oriental odalisque, including characteristic clothes, turbans, and veils. The plaza was designed after the Great Fire of 1841, approximately in 1842; years later, after being paved the plaza had a fountain in the center. The plaza has been remodeled several times including when Benjamin Cole was mayor and under the current mayor José Guillermo Rodríguez.</p><br>
<h2>Statues</h2><br>
<p>Following the theory that Columbus disembarked in Mayagüez; in 1896 a statue of the Admiral was placed in the main plaza in the city, thus it came to be known as Plaza Colón. The statue was made by A. Coll y Pí in Barcelona in 1843.</p><br>
<p>In 1944 a monument to the city founders was constructed in the plaza. In 1944 Regino Cabassa made great efforts to get the creation of a Monuments to the founders of the city in the Plaza Colon. At first there were some obstacles especially since the monument was to be built of bronze and because of World War II that metal was hard to come by. But finally on November 19, 1944 the monument was unveiled before Mayor Don Manuel A. Barreto. la</p><br>
<p>The more northerly of the two rivers called Esk River in New Zealand lies in Hawkes Bay, in the eastern North Island. One of the regions major rivers, it flows south from the slopes of Mount Taraponui in the Maungaharuru Range before turning east to reach Hawke Bay 10 km north of Napier. State Highway 5 follows the lower course of the river for several kilometres close to the settlement of Eskdale. The river is probably named after the Esk River in southern Scotland and north-west England.</p><br>
<p>The lower 19 km of the Esk can be suitable for whitewater canoeing, but the flow needs to be above normal. Brown and rainbow trout are available in the river, but fishing is restricted.</p><br>
<p>The southern stretch of the river forms the northern boundary for urban development in Napier. Hukarere Girls&#39; College is located near the Esk River.</p><br>
<p>Chardonnay and red wine grapes are grown in the Esk River valley.</p><br>
<p>Brighstone Bay is a bay on the south west coast of the Isle of Wight, England. It lies to the south and west of the village of Brighstone from which it takes its name. It faces south west towards the English Channel, its shoreline is 7 km in length and is gently curving. It stretches from Sudmoor Point in the north west to Artherfield Point in the south east.</p><br>
<p>Several chines, some with streams like the Buddle Brook (Grange Chine) lie along this coast.</p><br>
<p>Like most of the coast along the South-West of the Island, Brighstone Bay is suffering from coastal erosion.</p><br>
<p>Projecting out from this coast is one several ledges along the Back of the Wight. Brighstone Ledge has been the site of many shipwrecks as storms drive ships onto the hidden rocks.</p><br>
<p>The seabed is a mixture of mud, sand and shells. The beach is predominantly shingle.</p><br>
<p>The bay is best viewed from along the Isle of Wight Coastal Path which follows the whole bay along the cliff top.</p><br>
<p>Rosevear  is the largest  of the group of rocks known as the Western Rocks, Isles of Scilly. The islands are on eastern side of the Atlantic Ocean on the south-west approaches to the island of Great Britain and are renowned for the numerous shipwrecks in the area and the nearby Bishop Rock lighthouse. All the uninhabited islands are owned by the Duchy of Cornwall and are managed by the Isles of Scilly Wildlife Trust, which looks after the archaeological and historical remains on the islands, as well as the flora and fauna. Landing is not allowed on the island.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Rosevear is the largest of the Western Rocks and has a relatively flat top to 5 m. The island is situated within a 3 km long group of rocks which stretches from the Round Rock of Crebawethan in the north to Pednathise Head in the south.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was used as a base camp, during 1709 and 1710, for the Herbert salvage expedition which worked the wrecks of the Association and the other naval vessels in 1707.</p><br>
<p>The ghost of opera singer and actress Ann Cargill, who died when the British East India Company packet ship Nancy sank near Rosevear on 24 February 1784, is said to haunt the island. Her body, still clutching her 18 month old son, was originally buried on Rosevear, although she was later moved to Old Town Church on St Mary&#39;s, along with her child and Halden, the captain. In the 1840s and 1850s the island was again inhabited by workmen, this time building the Bishop Rock lighthouse. It was said that they heard mysterious music and were troubled by ghosts.</p><br>
<p>Following a decision to build a lighthouse on the Bishop Rock in April 1847, Trinity House decided to make Rosevear the base because it was the nearest island (3.2 km) with a relatively flat area. The island was used as a base from 1847–1850, for the unsuccessful first attempt and for the successful construction from 1851–58. Four main elements of the base remain. Two buildings, one a workers lodge and mess and the other a workshop are to the north-west of the complex, a slab-built platform by the east coast and a smiths hearth between the lodgings and workshop. Another building can be seen further south on the east coast. The surviving walls are from 0.4m to 0.7m high, with the best preserved are up to 3.0m</p><br>
<p>A ship&#39;s funnel lies amongst the rocks of Rosevear; this comes from the Cité de Verdun, which was wrecked on Rosevear in 1925.</p><br>
<h2>Natural history</h2><br>
<p>Landing on the uninhabited islands is both difficult and discouraged and there are few published records of visits by naturalists.</p><br>
<p>In 1971, the rocks and islands were designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest for their breeding sea birds. A visit by Geoffrey Grigson, in or around 1947, found a few Atlantic puffin (Fratercula arctica), scores of razorbill (Alca torda), European shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) and great black-backed gull (Larus marinus). A heavy fall of migrants was seen on a visit by Rosemary Parslow in October 1990 with dozens of European robin (Erithacus rubecula) and goldcrest (Regulus regulus), and several yellow–browed warbler (Phylloscopus inornatus); all feeding amongst the vegetation. The island has replaced Melledgan as the site of the third largest colony of European storm petrel (Hydrobates pelagicus) in England with fifty-seven occupied sites recorded during the Seabird 2000 survey, increasing to 129 occupied sites in the repeat survey in 2006. The colony of shag on Rosevear and the rest of the Western Rocks is of national importance.</p><br>
<p>During storms the sea can wash over the island and there is a shingle community of plants with tree mallow (Lavatera arborea), sea curled dock (Rumex cripus littoreus) and Atriplex sp. The only other species recorded are sea beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima), common scurvygrass (Cochlearia officinalis), orache sp, and rock sea-spurry (Spergularia rupicola).</p><br>
<p>The Lummelunda Cave  is located in a nature reserve at Lummelunda north of Visby on Gotland, Sweden. The explored part of this karst cave is almost 4.5 km, making it one of the longest caves in Sweden. It is created by the drainage water from the Martebo mire. The water forms a stream with its outlet in the Baltic Sea. In the 15th to 19th centuries, mills and an ironwork were set up by the stream.</p><br>
<p>Although the entrance of the cave has been known for centuries, the main part of it was discovered by three teenage boys during the 1940s–50s. It is visited by around 100,000 people every year and is one of the major tourist attractions on Gotland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cave was most likely formed before the last ice age. The water that creates it is drainage from the Martebo mire which is approximately 11 km east of Lummelunda. Most of the water runs as a stream, the Lummelundsån, through the north part of the cave system, exiting the limestone cliffs (known as the Klint) a few hundred meters from the coastline. The stream was much larger and more forceful before the mire, once the largest on Gotland, was drained at the end of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The stream has been used for industry since the Middle Ages. According to an undocumented litigation in 1778, a mill was built at Lummelunda in 1418. The oldest reliable record is from 1594, where three mills are listed at the stream. In the 1620s, six mills were in use at the Lummelundsån. The cave itself has been known as long as the stream has been used. Carl Linnaeus wrote about the cave during his journey to Gotland in the summer of 1741. The part of the cave where the stream has its outlet, the Linné&#39;s Cave, is named after him.</p><br>
<p>The first documented attempt to explore the cave was made in 1924 by zoologist Torsten Gislén, but he never got further than 40 m into the cave despite several later attempts.</p><br>
<h3>The Three Boys</h3><br>
<p>The breakthrough in finding the cave system happened in 1948, when three teenage boys, Lars Olsson, Örjan Håkansson and Percy Nilsson, known as "The Three Boys" (De tre pojkarna), found an entrance to the rest of the cave. For seven years they explored the cave on Sundays using matches, candles, planks and a small boat to get deeper into the system.</p><br>
<p>After having explored the first hall of the cave for two years, a large block of stone fell from one of the walls, widening a small opening in the cliff. This led to a 20 m long passage (later called "The Boys Passage", Pojkarnas gång) into the first large cave hall, "The Mountain Kings Hall" (Bergakungens sal). From 1959 onwards, this hall became the location for the start of the guided tours. A bit further in is "The Chapel" (Kapellet), named thus by the boys who thought it looked like a church, where their exploration was hindered by a lake. It was not until 1955, that they managed to get another 175 m further in, using an inflatable boat.</p><br>
<p>On 21January 2011, "The Three Boys" were honored in a ceremony at the Campus Gotland. One of "the boys", Percy Nilsson, died in December 2013. All three were made honorary members of the Swedish Speleology Society (Sveriges Speleologförbund, SSF).</p><br>
<h3>Further explorations</h3><br>
<p>In 1959, a 60 m long tunnel</p><br>
<h2>Geology and geography</h2><br>
<p>The Lummelunda Cave is situated in Lummelunda, about 13 km north of Visby. Its opening is behind the Lummelunda Manor at the old mill Överstekvarn ("The Topmost Mill).</p><br>
<p>The cave is a karst cave, formed by surface water trickling down through cracks in the limestone. When the surface water meets the groundwater, it starts to dissolve the limestone and widen the cracks into passages and halls.</p><br>
<p>It is one of the longest caves in Sweden; the explored part of it is almost 4.5 km long.</p><br>
<p>33 sinkholes have been found in the main canal leading the water from Martebo mire to the cave. In the area west of the cliff there are five springs. After the draining of the mire the flow of water in the canal have decreased significantly, from 5.5 m&sup3; in 1948, to 1.4 m&sup3; in 1977. This has caused some of the sinkholes to disappear. During dry summers there is an impending danger that the cave is completely drained.</p><br>
<p>The cave is roughly divided into two parts: one dry, also called the fossil system, and a wet, active part. A large number of fossils and stalactite formations can be found in the dry part. The cave has a relatively stable climate with a humidity of 95–100%. According to a source from 1989, the temperature is on average 7 &deg;C and points out that fluctuations in temperature have been noticed as a result of the many visitors. A source from 2011, states that the temperature is 8 –.</p><br>
<h3>Nature reserve</h3><br>
<p>A nature reserve to protect the Lummelunda Cave, was established on 20March 1989. The reserve is 17 hectare; it includes the cave and the corresponding area above the ground and is called the Lummelunda Cave Nature Reserve (Naturreservatet Lummelundagrottan).</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>At least 83 different species of animals including worms, spiders, centipedes, crayfish, beetles, butterflies, fish, mice and bats, have been found in the cave. Plants grow near the artificial lights in the outer parts of the cave. Since the plants are not a natural part of it, they are removed to keep the environment as original as possible. The many visitors also have a negative effect on the biology of the cave.</p><br>
<p>The landscape above the cave, which is also part of the nature reserve, is characterized by the karstification of the area. It is bisected by a steep cliff running in a north-south direction through the reserve. The eastern part on top of the cliff, is covered in pine forest, and the western part between the cliff and the shore is grassland with deciduous trees.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism and tours</h2><br>
<p>The Lummelunda Cave has been open to the public since 1959. making it the most visited cave in Sweden, and one of the major tourist attractions on Gotland. "The Mountain Kings Hall" and "The Chapel" (these combined are called the Visitors Cave) are included in the regular tours. It is also possible to go another 500 m into the cave system with the special tours. These tours require a trained guide and visitors have to wear special gear and use small boats.</p><br>
<p>Brook Bay is a bay on the south western coast of the Isle of Wight, England. It lies to the west of the village of Brook. It faces south west out into the English Channel. It stretches about 2km from Hanover Point in the east to Sudmoor Point to the west. Much of the surrounding land, including the hamlet of Brookgreen is owned by the National Trust.</p><br>
<p>The beach is predominantly sand. The seabed is rocky to the west as it consists of the hazardous Brook Ledges but is rock-free near the concrete slipway.</p><br>
<p>The bay is best accessed from the nearby car park and the slipway down to the beach.</p><br>
<p>Both Brook Chine and Churchill Chine empty into Brook Bay.</p><br>
<p>The Isle of Wight Coastal Path runs along the cliff edge for the entire extent of the bay</p><br>
<p>The Swaggerty Blockhouse is a historic structure near Parrottsville, in the USA state of Tennessee. The structure was originally believed to have been a frontier blockhouse built by early settler James Swaggerty in 1787. Recent archaeological evidence suggests, however, that the structure was actually a cantilever barn built by a farmer named Jacob Stephens around 1860.</p><br>
<p>In the late 18th-century, blockhouses dotted East Tennessee and the Trans-Appalachian frontier, as attacks from hostile Cherokee and other Native Americans were a constant threat. While the Swaggerty Blockhouse bears some resemblance to historical blockhouse descriptions, it lacks common blockhouse characteristics such as gun portals. The Swaggerty Blockhouses degree of cantilever (i.e., the degree to which the upper story extends outward beyond the lower story) is also greater than typical frontier blockhouses. Analysis of the tree rings in the Swaggerty Blockhouses logs indicated a cutting date of 1860, well after the region&#39;s frontier period.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Swaggerty Blockhouse is located just east of Parrottsville along a stretch of USA Route 321/USA Route 411 known as Newport Highway. Clear Creek, a tributary of the French Broad River, passes a few yards west of the blockhouse. The creek slices a narrow, but fertile valley amidst the foothills of the Bald Mountains, which rise a few miles to the southeast. The farm on which the blockhouse stands is currently owned by the Gillespie family.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Swaggerty Blockhouse consists of three stories, with the first story being the smallest and the top story being the largest. The first story consists of a stone-and-mortar springhouse built around a natural spring which empties into Clear Creek a few yards away. A wellhouse adjacent to the first story was built in the middle 20th-century. The second level consists of hewn oak timbers notched with half-dovetail joints. While the hewing of the second story logs is relatively crude, its notching is very precise, giving it the strength to support the larger third story. Pegs and shelving on the second story indicate that it was once used for storage.</p><br>
<p>The third level consists of a poplar timber frame notched with mortise and tenon. The walls have pane windows facing three directions. Wainscoting along the lower walls and the presence of a front-facing door indicate that this level was once used as a granary. A wooden staircase allows access to the third story. The third-story frame was later extended downward across the front of the second story.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Frederick Swaggerty, a German immigrant, arrived in the Clear Creek area from Pennsylvania sometime around 1783. According to local sources, Swaggerty&#39;s son James built the Swaggerty Blockhouse in 1787, presumably to protect his family from hostile Cherokee attacks. If true, this would make the Swaggerty Blockhouse the only surviving blockhouse at its original site in the state of Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>In 1824, ownership of the Swaggerty property was passed to James Swaggerty who in turn sold it to Jacob Stephens in 1850. Over subsequent decades, Stephens established a fairly sizeable farm. At one point, Stephens owned 75 hogs and his farm was valued at $4,500. One-third of the farm&#39;s production consisted of pork products or corn. The Stephens family retained ownership of the farm until 1921, when it was sold to the Gillespie family. The Gillespies have since preserved the blockhouse. In 1973, the blockhouse was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological investigation</h2><br>
<p>In 2001, David Mann of the University of Tennessee conducted both a dendrochronological and standard archaeological study of the Swaggerty Blockhouse and adjacent grounds to determine the structures age. The dendrochronological investigation, which essentially analyzed the tree rings of a structures logs, determined that the Swaggerty Blockhouse&#39;s logs were cut sometime around 1860, and thus could not have been used in a late 18th-century blockhouse. Excavations around the blockhouse turned up cut nails and glass and ceramic artifacts, most all of which dated to the period between 1852 and 1864. Swine bones and ashes discovered on the north side of the blockhouse indicate that this area may have once been used for butchering hogs. Excavations also uncovered the remnants of a wagon road once leading to the door of the blockhouse.</p><br>
<h3>Blockhouse vs. cantilever barn</h3><br>
<p>Mann concluded that the Swaggerty Blockhouse was likely a cantilever barn built around 1860 by Jacob Stephens, rather than a frontier blockhouse built by James Swaggerty in 1787. The Swaggerty Blockhouse lacks certain characteristics typical of a frontier blockhouse, such as gun portals and a short degree of cantilever (2 feet or less). The mortise-and-tenon notching and frame design of the third story are more indicative of a 19th-century cantilever barn.</p><br>
<p>The cutting date of the structure&#39;s logs (ca. 1860) and the artifacts assembled from excavations on adjacent grounds provide the most compelling evidence for the later construction date. Most of the artifacts dated to the middle 19th-century, while there was an absence of artifacts (such as creamware and hand-wrought nails) typically found at 18th-century frontier sites. Mann surmises that the first story was likely a springhouse used for the storage of perishable foods (rather than a protected water supply), the second story used for storage of tools, and the third used for grain storage. Jacob Stephens, who was an active hog farmer, likely used the north side of the structure as a butchering area.</p><br>
<p>Spaulding-Sidway Boathouse is a historic boathouse located on Grand Island in Erie County, New York. The boathouse was built as part of the "River Lawn" estate of Elbridge G. Spaulding .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Spaulding-Sidway Boathouse is a Late Victorian Stick / Queen Anne style frame structure constructed in 1870. The boathouse is a two story frame structure, clad in clapboard, on concrete piers.</p><br>
<p>Between 1935 and 1940, to save the boathouse from demolition when the Spaulding estate was acquired in order to become Beaver Island State Park, neighboring property owner Frank St. John Sidway, a grandson of Spaulding, moved it about 270 feet northwest to his land. In about 1990, steel framing was added to shore up the original wood framework.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The building is a rare surviving example of a small boathouse used primarily for storage and social activities and is reflective of Grand Island&#39;s importance as a seasonal recreational area in the 1800s. The boathouse has been continuously used for light boat storage and social activities since it was built, and although many boathouses on Grand Island have fallen victim to weather, it stands today virtually as built and is now a part of a private residence. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Scoby Power Plant and Dam is a historic dam and power plant located between the towns of Ashford and Concord, near Springville, New York. The complex is located on the eastern bank of Cattaraugus Creek outside Springville. It is representative of a small hydroelectric generating facility of the early 20th century in Western New York. The complex was constructed in 1925, replacing a facility near this site.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Scoby Dam Park</h2><br>
<p>The Erie County Department of Parks, Recreation and Forestry acquired the dam and surrounding property shortly after the Village of Springville ceased using the dam for power generation in 1998. The park is managed as a "conservation park" with minimal improvements and facilities.</p><br>
<p>The park is popular with anglers seeking steelhead during the fall, winter and spring, and also includes space for picnicking and hiking.</p><br>
<h2>Proposed dam lowering</h2><br>
<p>Concerns over the dams structural integrity and the desire to remove a barrier to stream-running steelhead has led to a proposal to lower the currently-38 ft Scoby Dam by about 30 ft. The $6.6 million (USD) proposal was put forth by the USA Army Corps of Engineers in 2014, and if approved the work could happen within three years of the proposals passage.</p><br>
<p>In addition to lowering the dam, a 15 ft fish ladder would also be installed to allow migratory fish to access an additional 44 mi of Cattaraugus Creek and its tributaries above the dam. By allowing steelhead access beyond the dam, anglers would be able to seek these fish by utilizing an additional 34 mi of public stream access. Currently, only 4 mi of the stream below the dam is publicly accessible for fishing.</p><br>
<p>Appropriate habitats for steelhead spawning exist above the dam, and its removal could allow for steelhead populations to become more self-sustaining. Currently, the steelhead fishery is maintained primarily through annual stocking of fish,</p><br>
<p>Critics of the project have raised concerns about impacts on resident brown and rainbow trout populations above the dam, and the possibility of introducing invasive species such as the sea lamprey into stretches of the creek currently free of such organisms. The USACE proposal includes barriers that are intended to restrict the movement of sea lamprey beyond the dam.</p><br>
<p>The Wigwam River is a tributary of the Elk River that flows through the U.S. state of Montana and the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is part of the Columbia River basin, as the Elk River is a tributary of the Kootenay River, which is a tributary of the Columbia.</p><br>
<p>The Wigwam is known for its flyfishing opportunities. Notably, water carried in the river at its origin will flow across the Canada-U.S. border on four distinct occasions: once on the Wigwam, twice on the Kootenay, and once on the Columbia.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Wigwam River originates in the Galton Range of the Rocky Mountains in Lincoln County, Montana, at the confluence of Wolverine Creek and Bluebird Creek (approximately ). It flows east and then north, crossing the 49th parallel and flowing in a generally northerly fashion for much of its course prior to making a sharp westerly turn immediately south of Mount Broadwood. It then runs west to its confluence with the Elk some distance south of Elko.</p><br>
<p>The Ekalluk River  is a river in Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is located in central through southeastern Victoria Island. Its source is Ferguson Lake, and it flows west to Wellington Bay and east to Albert Edward Bay. Nearby lakes include Keyhole Lake, Kitiga Lake, and Surrey Lake. The closest community is Cambridge Bay.</p><br>
<p>The people of the Ekalluk River area are called Ekalluktogmiut, a geographically defined Copper Inuit subgroup.</p><br>
<h2>Iqaluktuuq</h2><br>
<p>The short span of the Ekalluk River that flows west from Ferguson Lake into eastern Wellington Bay is named Iqaluktuuq (Inuinnaqtun, meaning "place of big fish"). Having been inhabited for the last 4,000 years by Tuniit and Inuit, it is an important Nunavut archaeological area. The Iqaluktuuq is a source of char fishing and caribou hunting for local residents.</p><br>
<p>The people of Iqaluktuuq are called Iqaluktuurmiut.</p><br>
<p>The Palace of Holyroodhouse , commonly referred to as Holyrood Palace, is the official residence of the British monarch in Scotland, Queen Elizabeth II. Located at the bottom of the Royal Mile in Edinburgh, at the opposite end to Edinburgh Castle, Holyrood Palace has served as the principal residence of the Kings and Queens of Scots since the 16th century, and is a setting for state occasions and official entertaining.</p><br>
<p>Queen Elizabeth spends one week in residence at Holyrood Palace at the beginning of each summer, where she carries out a range of official engagements and ceremonies. The 16th century Historic Apartments of Mary, Queen of Scots and the State Apartments, used for official and state entertaining, are open to the public throughout the year, except when members of the Royal Family are in residence.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The palace as it stands today was built between 1671–1678 in a quadrangle layout, approximately 230 ft from north to south and 230 ft from east to west, with the exception of the 16th-century north-west tower built by James V. Sir William Bruce designed the 3-storey plus attic Baroque palace for Charles II, upon the restoration of the monarchy. The principal entrance is located on the west front in a recessed 2-storey range that links the 16th-century north-west tower with a matching south-west tower with three ball-finialled, conical bell-cast roofs. The entry gateway is framed by massive coupled Roman Doric columns, with the carved Royal Arms of Scotland and an octagonal cupola with clock-face above.</p><br>
<p>The north and south fronts have symmetrical three-storey facades that rise behind to far left and right of 2-storey range with regular arrangement of bays. General repairs were completed by the architect Robert Reid between 1824–1834 that included the partial rebuilding of the south-west corner tower and refacing of the entire south front in ashlar to match that of the east. The east front has 17 pilastered bays with superimposed columns at each floor. The ruins of the abbey church connect to the palace on the north-east corner. For the internal quadrangle, Bruce designed a colonaded piazza of nine arches on the north, south and east facades superimposed with columns from the three classical orders to indicate the importance of the three main floors. The plain Doric order is used for the services at ground floor, the Ionic order is used for the state apartments on the first floor, while the elaborate Corinthian order is used for the royal apartments on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>Architectural historian Dan Cruickshank selected the palace as one of his eight choices for the 2002 BBC book The Story of Britain&#39;s Best Buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The rooms open to the public include the 17th-century former King&#39;s apartments and Great Gallery, and the 16th-century apartments in the north-west tower.</p><br>
<h3>17th-century apartments</h3><br>
<p>The Great Stair in the south-west corner of the quadrangle has a 17th-century Baroque ceiling featuring plaster angels holding the Honours of Scotland. The Italian paintings on the walls are fragments of frescoes painted circa 1550 by Lattanzio Gambara, illustrating scenes from Ovids Metamorphoses. They were bought by Prince Albert in 1856, and placed here in 1881. At the top of the stair is the Royal Dining Room, formerly part of the Queens apartments. The Adam style decoration dates from around 1800, when this was part of the Duke of Hamilton&#39;s apartment.</p><br>
<p>The Kings apartments occupied the whole of the south and east sides of the quadrangle. Accessed from the Great Stair, the suite of rooms comprising a guard hall, presence chamber, privy chamber, antechamber, bedchamber and closet. The level of privacy, as well as the richness of decoration, increased in sequence. From the visit of George IV in 1822, the guard hall has been used as a throne room, and the order of rooms reversed. The Evening Drawing Room and Morning Drawing Room occupy the former presence chamber and privy chamber, and retain their rich 17th-century ceilings. The Morning Drawing Room is hung with French tapestries bought by Charles II, and is used for private ceremonies. The Kings Antechamber, Bedchamber and Closet are laid out along the east side of the palace. The Kings Bedchamber, at the centre of the east façade, has the finest of the 17th-century plaster ceilings, augmented by paintings of Hercules by Jacob de Wet II. The 17th-century bed was made for the Duke of Hamilton, although it was long referred to as "Queen Marys Bed" when it occupied the older Queen&#39;s rooms.</p><br>
<p>The Great Gallery, the largest room in the palace, links the Kings Closet with the former Queens apartments in the west range. The gallery is decorated with 110 portraits of the Scottish monarchs, beginning with the legendary Fergus I, who supposedly ruled from 330 BC. The portraits were all completed between 1684 and 1686 by Jacob de Wet II. This collection celebrated the royal bloodline of Scotland which the Scots upheld for its continuity and antiquity as an important part of their national identity in the seventeenth century. After 1707, Scotlands representative peers were elected here to be sent to Westminster. Bonnie Prince Charlie held evening balls in the gallery during his brief occupation, and it later became a Catholic chapel for the Comte dArtois. Today it is used for large functions including investitures and banquets.</p><br>
<h3>North-west tower</h3><br>
<p>The suite of rooms on the first floor of the north-west tower comprises an audience chamber, accessed from a lobby next to the Great Gallery, and a bedroom, leading from which are two turret rooms or closets. These rooms were occupied by Lord Darnley in the 16th century, and later formed part of the Queens apartment in the reconstructed palace, before being taken over by the Duke of Hamilton from 1684. Queen Mary occupied an identical suite of rooms on the second floor of the tower: the bedchambers are linked by a private spiral stair. The Queens outer chamber contains her oratory, and was the scene of the murder of David Rizzio, after he was dragged from the supper table in the northern turret room. In later centuries, tourists were often convinced that they could see his blood stains on the floor.</p><br>
<p>The wooden ceilings of both the main rooms date from Queen Marys time, and the monograms MR (Maria Regina) and IR (Jacobus Rex) refer to her parents, Mary of Guise and James V. Shields commemorating Marys marriage to Francis II of France are believed to have been carved in 1559 but put in their present position in 1617, when the grisaille frieze was also added.</p><br>
<h2>Gardens and grounds</h2><br>
<p>The gardens of the palace extend to some 10 acre, set within the much larger Holyrood Park. In the 16th-century a privy garden was located to the north of the palace, accessed via a wooden gallery from the north-west tower. This was removed in the 19th century when Prince Albert took an interest in the grounds, forming a new carriage drive to the north to avoid the Canongate slums and laying out the garden in its present form. A small garden building, surviving from the 16th-century, is known as Queen Mary&#39;s Bath House, although it is not thought to have been used for bathing. The sundial to the north of the palace was carved in 1633 by John Mylne, The ironwork gates and ornamental screens (by George Washington Browne) were erected in the 1920s, along with a statue of Edward VII (by Henry Snell Gamley), unveiled by George V in 1922.</p><br>
<p>The buildings to the west of the palace, are the 19th-century guardhouse which replaced the tenements of a debtors sanctuary, and adjacent to this, the former Holyrood Free Church and Duchess of Gordons School, built in the 1840s. These buildings were converted into the Queen&#39;s Gallery in 2002 to display works of art from the Royal Collection.</p><br>
<p>There was formerly a Keeper of Holyrood Park, and the title was held on an hereditary basis by the Earls of Haddington. This was purchased by the Crown and the office extinguished in 1843 after disputes over the Keeper&#39;s right to allow quarrying within the Park.</p><br>
<h3>"Big Royal Dig"</h3><br>
<p>The Palace of Holyroodhouse, along with Buckingham Palace Garden and Windsor Castle, was excavated on 25–28 August 2006 as part of a special edition of Channel 4s archaeology series Time Team. The archaeologists uncovered part of the cloister of Holyrood Abbey, running in line with the existing abbey ruins, and a square tower associated with the 15th-century building works of James IV was discovered. The team failed to locate evidence of the real tennis court used by Queen Mary to the north of the palace, as the area had been built over in the 19th century. An area of reddened earth was discovered, which was linked with the Earl of Hertfords burning of Holyrood during the Rough Wooing of 1544. Among the objects found were a seal matrix used to stamp the wax seal on correspondence or documents, and a French double tournois coin, minted by Gaston d&#39;Orleans in 1634.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>12th–15th centuries</h3><br>
<p>The ruined Augustinian Holyrood Abbey that is sited in the grounds was founded in 1128 at the order of King David I of Scotland. The name derives either from a legendary vision of the cross witnessed by David I, or from a relic of the True Cross known as the Holy Rood or Black Rood, and which had belonged to Queen Margaret, David&#39;s mother. As a royal foundation, and sited close to Edinburgh Castle, it became an important administrative centre. A Papal legate was received here in 1177, while in 1189 a council of nobles met to discuss a ransom for the captive king, William the Lion. Robert the Bruce held a parliament at the abbey in 1326, and by 1329 it may already have been in use as a royal residence. In 1370, David II became the first of several Kings of Scots to be buried at Holyrood. Not only was James II born at Holyrood in 1430, it was at Holyrood that he was crowned, married and laid to rest. James III and Margaret of Denmark were married at Holyrood in 1469. The early royal residence was in the abbey guesthouse, which most likely stood on the site of the present north range of the palace, west of the abbey cloister, and by the later 15th century already had dedicated royal apartments.</p><br>
<h3>16th century</h3><br>
<p>Between 1501 and 1505, James IV constructed a new Gothic palace adjacent to the abbey. The impetus for the work probably came from the marriage of James IV to Margaret Tudor, which took place in the abbey in August 1503 while work was still ongoing. The palace was built around a quadrangle, situated west of the abbey cloister. It contained a chapel, gallery, royal apartments, and a great hall. The chapel occupied the north range of the quadrangle, with the Queen&#39;s apartments occupying part of the south range.</p><br>
<p>The west range contained the Kings lodgings and the entrance to the palace. James IV also oversaw construction of a two-storey gatehouse, fragments of which survive in the Abbey Courthouse. In 1512 a lion house was constructed to house the kings menagerie, which included a lion and a civet among other exotic beasts. James V added to the palace between 1528 and 1536, beginning with the present north-west tower to provide new royal apartments. This was followed by reconstruction of the south and west ranges of the palace in the Renaissance style, with a new chapel in the south range. The former chapel in the north range was converted into the Council Chamber, where ceremonial events normally took place. The symmetrical composition of the west façade suggested that a second tower at the south-west was planned, though this was never executed at the time. Around a series of lesser courts were ranged the Governor&#39;s Tower, the armoury, the mint, a forge, kitchens and other service quarters.</p><br>
<p>In 1544, during the War of the Rough Wooing, the Earl of Hertford sacked Edinburgh, and Holyrood was looted and burned. Repairs were made, but the altars were destroyed by a Reforming mob in 1559. After the Scottish Reformation was formalised, the abbey buildings were neglected, and the choir and transepts of the abbey church were pulled down in 1570. The nave was retained as the parish church of the Canongate.</p><br>
<p>The royal apartments in the north-west tower of the palace were occupied by Mary, Queen of Scots, from her return to Scotland in 1561 to her forced abdication in 1567. The Queen had archery butts erected in her private gardens to allow her to practice, and hunted deer in Holyrood Park. It was at Holyrood that the series of famous interviews between the Queen and John Knox took place, and she married both of her Scottish husbands in the palace: Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, in 1565 in the chapel, and James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, in 1567 in the great hall. It was in the Queens private apartments that she witnessed the murder of David Rizzio, her private secretary, on 9 March 1566. Darnley and several nobles entered the apartment via the private stair from Darnleys own apartments below. Bursting in on the Queen, Rizzio and four other courtiers, who were at supper, they dragged the Italian through the bedchamber into the outer chamber, where he was stabbed 56 times.</p><br>
<p>During the subsequent Marian civil war, on 25 July 1571, William Kirkcaldy of Grange bombarded the Palace with cannon placed in the Black Friar Yard, near the Pleasance. James VI took up residence at Holyrood in 1579 at the age of 13 years. His wife, Anne of Denmark, was crowned in the diminished abbey church in 1590, at which time the royal household at the palace numbered around 600 persons.</p><br>
<h3>17th century</h3><br>
<p>When James became King of England in 1603 and moved to London, the palace was no longer the seat of a permanent royal court. James visited in 1617, for which the chapel was redecorated. More repairs were put in hand in preparation for the coronation of Charles I as King of Scotland at Holyrood in 1633. On 10 August 1646 Charles appointed James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, as hereditary Keeper of Holyroodhouse, an office which his descendants retain. The post is one of the Great Offices in the Royal Household in Scotland, and indeed the private ducal apartments cover a larger area of the palace than the state ones. As well as his own deputy, the Keeper still appoints the Bailie of Holyroodhouse, who is responsible for law and order within the Holyrood Abbey Sanctuary. The High Constables of Holyroodhouse are responsible to the Keeper.</p><br>
<p>In 1650, either by accident or design, the east range of the palace was set on fire during its occupation by Oliver Cromwell&#39;s soldiers. After this, the eastern parts of the palace were effectively abandoned. The remaining parts were used as barracks, and a two-storey block was added to the west range in 1659.</p><br>
<p>The following year saw the Restoration of Charles II in England and Scotland. The Privy Council was reconstituted and once more met at Holyrood. Repairs were put in hand to allow use of the building by the Earl of Lauderdale, the Secretary of State for Scotland, and a full survey was carried out in 1663 by John Mylne. In 1670, £30,000 was set aside by the Privy Council for the rebuilding of Holyrood.</p><br>
<p>Plans for complete reconstruction were drawn up by Sir William Bruce, the Surveyor of the Kings Works, and Robert Mylne, the Kings Master Mason. The design included a south-west tower to mirror the existing tower, a plan which had existed since at least Charles Is time. Following criticism from Charles II, Bruce redesigned the interior layout to provide suites of royal apartments on the first floor: the Queens apartment on the west side; and the King&#39;s apartment on the south and east sides. The two were linked by a gallery to the north, and a council chamber occupied the south-west tower.</p><br>
<p>Work began in July 1671, starting at the north-west, which was ready for use by Lauderdale the following year. In 1675 Lord Hatton became the first of many nobles to take up a grace-and-favour apartment in the palace. The following year the decision was taken to rebuild the west range of the palace, and to construct a kitchen block to the south-east of the quadrangle. Bruce&#39;s appointment as architect of the project was cancelled in 1678, with the remaining work being overseen by Hatton.</p><br>
<p>Interior work was still in progress when the James, Duke of Albany, the future James VII and II, and his wife Mary of Modena visited that year. They returned to live at Holyrood between 1680 and 1682, in the aftermath of the Exclusion crisis, which had severely impacted James popularity in England. When he acceded to the throne in 1685, the Catholic king set up a Jesuit college in the Chancellors Lodging to the south of the palace. The abbey was adapted as a chapel for the Order of the Thistle in 1687–88. The architect was James Smith, and carvings were done by Grinling Gibbons and William Morgan. The interiors of this chapel, and the Jesuit college, were subsequently destroyed by an anti-Catholic mob, following the beginning of the Glorious Revolution in late 1688. In 1691 the Kirk of the Canongate was completed, to replace the abbey as the local parish church, and it is at the Kirk of the Canongate that the Queen today attends services when in residence at Holyrood Palace.</p><br>
<h3>18th century</h3><br>
<p>After the Union of Scotland and England in 1707 the palace lost its principal functions, although it was used for the elections of Scottish representative peers. The nobles who had been granted apartments in the palace continued to use them: the Duke of Hamilton had already taken over the Queens Apartments in 1684. The Kings Apartments were meanwhile neglected.</p><br>
<p>Bonnie Prince Charlie held court at Holyrood for five weeks in September and October 1745, during the Jacobite Rising. Charles occupied the Duke of Hamiltons apartments rather than the unkempt kings rooms, and held court in the Gallery. The following year, government troops were billeted in the palace after the Battle of Falkirk, when they damaged the royal portraits in the gallery, and the Duke of Cumberland stayed here on his way to Culloden. Meanwhile, the neglect continued: the roof of the abbey church collapsed in 1768, leaving it as it currently stands. However, the potential of the palace as a tourist attraction was already being recognised, with the Duke of Hamilton allowing paying guests to view Queen Mary&#39;s apartments in the north-west tower.</p><br>
<p>The precincts of Holyrood Abbey, extending to the whole of Holyrood Park, had been designated as a debtors&#39; sanctuary since the 16th century. Those in debt could escape their creditors, and imprisonment, by taking up residence within the sanctuary, and a small community grew up to the west of the palace. The residents, known colloquially as "Abbey Lairds", were able to leave the sanctuary on Sundays, when no arrests were permitted. The area was controlled by a baillie, and by several constables, appointed by the Keeper of Holyroodhouse. The constables now form a ceremonial guard at the palace.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>Following the French Revolution, George III allowed Louis XVIs youngest brother, the Comte dArtois to live at Holyrood, where he took advantage of the abbey sanctuary to avoid his creditors. Artois stayed at Holyrood from 1796 to 1803, during which time the Kings apartments were renovated. The Comte dArtois inherited the French throne in 1824 as Charles X, but following the July Revolution of 1830, the French royal family lived at Holyrood again until 1832 when they moved to Austria.</p><br>
<p>King George IV became the first reigning monarch since Charles I to visit Holyrood, during his 1822 visit to Scotland. Although he stayed at Dalkeith Palace, the king held a levée (reception) at Holyrood, and was shown the historic apartments. He ordered repairs to the palace, but declared that Queen Mary&#39;s rooms should be protected from any future changes. Over the next ten years, Robert Reid oversaw works including the demolition of all the buildings to the north and south of the main quadrangle. In 1834 William IV agreed that the High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland could make use of the palace during the sitting of the assembly, and this tradition continues today.</p><br>
<p>On the first visit of Queen Victoria to Scotland in 1842, she also stayed at Dalkeith, and was prevented from visiting Holyrood by an outbreak of Scarlet Fever. In preparation for her 1850 visit, more renovations were carried out by Robert Matheson of the Office of Works, and the interiors were redecorated by David Ramsay Hay. Over the next few years, the lodgings of the various nobles were gradually repossessed, and Victoria was able to take up a second floor apartment in 1871, freeing up the former royal apartments as dining and drawing rooms, as well as a throne room. From 1854 the historic apartments in the north-west tower were formally opened to the public.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>Although Edward VII visited briefly in 1903, it was George V who transformed Holyrood into a 20th-century palace. Central heating and electric light were installed prior to his first visit in 1911, and after the First World War improvements to bathrooms and kitchens were carried out. In the 1920s the palace was formally designated as the monarch&#39;s official residence in Scotland, and became the location for regular royal ceremonies and events.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>The present Queen spends one week at Holyrood in summer, during which time investitures are held in the gallery, audiences are held in the morning room, and garden parties are hosted. While she is in residence, the Scottish variant of the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom is flown; at all other times the Royal Banner of Scotland is displayed. During the Queen&#39;s visits, the Royal Company of Archers form her ceremonial bodyguard. The Ceremony of the Keys, in which she is formally presented with the keys of Edinburgh by the Lord Provost, is held on her arrival. At the Palace the Queen meets and appoints the First Minister of Scotland. Prince Charles also stays at Holyrood for one week a year, carrying out official duties as the Duke of Rothesay, while other members of the royal family, including the Princess Royal, visit in a less official capacity.</p><br>
<p>In its role as the official residence of the monarch in Scotland, Holyroodhouse has hosted a number of foreign visitors and dignitaries, including Harald V of Norway in 1994,Margrethe II of Denmark, François Mitterrand, Helmut Kohl, Nelson Mandela, Vladimir Putin in 2003, and Pope Benedict XVI in 2010. A meeting of the European Council was held at the palace during the British presidency of the council in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Holyroodhouse remains the property of the Crown. As the official royal residence in Scotland, building conservation and maintenance work on the Palace and Abbey falls to Scottish Ministers and is delivered on their behalf by the Conservation Directorate of Historic Scotland – an Executive Agency of the Scottish Government. Public access is managed by the Royal Collection Trust, with revenues used to support the work of the trust as custodians of the Royal Collection. In April 2016 it was announced that the Royal Collection Trust is to fund a £10m project that will redevelop the outside space at Holyroodhouse, including Holyrood Abbey, the grounds and forecourt. The project will be completed at the end of 2018 in partnership with Historic Environment Scotland, and will include the restoration of the Abbey Strand buildings which will house a learning centre.</p><br>
<h2>Ghost</h2><br>
<p>The naked ghost of one Bald Agnes (Agnes Sampson), stripped and tortured in 1592 after being accused of witchcraft, is said to roam the palace.</p><br>
<p>Gamul House is at 52–58 Lower Bridge Street, Chester, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building, and contains the only medieval stone-built open hall to survive in Chester.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The date of its original building is not known but it was altered in the 17th, 18th and 20th centuries. At the time of the Civil War the house was the home of Sir Francis Gamul, a Royalist supporter and colonel of the Town Guard. Charles I stayed in the house on 23–24 September 1645, when his army was defeated at the Battle of Rowton Moor.</p><br>
<p>Following the Great Fire of London the town Assembly ruled in 1671 that all the houses in the main streets should have roofs of slate or tile. The medieval frontage of Gamul House was replaced by a brick façade, but the hall was retained. In the 18th century the stone arches in the undercroft were replaced by brick vaults. During the following century this area was occupied by shops. For a time it housed a boarding school but this closed in the 1860s. In the 20th century the house became unoccupied and neglected; when Nikolaus Pevsner visited Chester in the late 1960s he reported that it looked derelict. It was bought by Chester City Council and during the 1970s a major refurbishment took place. As of 2009 the building is occupied by a restaurant and shops.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The building is constructed in sandstone and timber framing, with a brick frontage and has three storeys. The lowest storey (an undercroft) is occupied by shops. An external staircase parallel to the street has 15 steps leading up to the former row level. Behind the staircase at street level is another shop frontage consisting of a door with a four-light window on each side. The middle storey has a door with an architrave and pediment. There are three windows to the south of the door and two windows to the north, all with 40 panes of glass. Above these is a string course. In the top storey are three oval windows with four panes and two sash windows with six panes. The roof is in grey slate with its ridge parallel to the street; it is hipped at its north end and at the south end is a gable and a chimney stack.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The undercroft contains a large oak beam and brick barrel vaults. At the row level, the great hall occupies the two storeys. On the west wall of the hall is an ornate sandstone fireplace with decorated pilasters carrying a carved frieze and cornice. On the fireplace is a painting of the arms of the Gamul family, which Pevsner considers was executed by Randle Holme. The barrel-vaulted plaster ceiling has eight richly-carved pendants.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>As of 2009 the Row level is occupied by the Brewery Tap Ale House.</p><br>
<p>Roluos  is a Cambodian modern small town and an archeological site about 13 km east of Siem Reap along NH6. Once it was the seat of Hariharalaya, first capital of Khmer Empire north of Tonlé Sap .</p><br>
<p>Among the "Roluos Group" of temples there are some of the earliest permanent structures built by Khmer. They mark the beginning of classical period of Khmer civilization, dating from the late 9th century. Some were totally built with bricks, others partially with laterite or sandstone (the first large angkorian temple built with sandstone was possibly Ta Keo)</p><br>
<p>At present it is composed by three major temples: Bakong, Lolei, and Preah Ko, along with tiny Prasat Prei Monti. At both Bakong and Lolei there are contemporary Theravada buddhist monasteries.</p><br>
<p>The Ainsworth House, also known as the Greet Ranch, was built in 1886 by homesteader Frank S. Ainsworth and his wife in Big Trails, Wyoming, in the Nowood Valley of Washakie County. The Ainsworths built the frame house after living in a tent and a log dugout. The house was one of the first permanent habitations to be built in the Bighorn Basin.</p><br>
<p>The 1886 section of the house is a 1½ story framed and clapboarded building, to which was appended a 1½ story log house built in 1890 and expanded upward in 1911.</p><br>
<p>Ainsworth was born in Iowa in 1857. He went west to Denver, then hunted and trapped in northwestern Colorado. By 1879 he was trapping in the Bighorn Basin. In 1885 he returned to Iowa to marry Lucy Ann Albee and brought her back to the Bighorn Basin where they built their house. They subsisted by cultivating the native hay of the region, which allowed them to grow sufficient fodder to withstand the severe winters. Ainsworth also worked as a carpenter in the area.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Mummy Cave is a rock shelter and archeological site in Park County, Wyoming, United States, near the eastern entrance to Yellowstone National Park. The site is adjacent to the concurrent USA Routes 14/16/20, on the left bank of the North Fork of the Shoshone River at an altitude of 6,310 ft in Shoshone National Forest.</p><br>
<p>At its mouth, the cave is approximately 150 ft wide, and it extends approximately 40 ft into a volcanic cliff above the North Fork. It lies along the left bank of the river, next to the mouth of a small stream and opposite from the mouth of Blackwater Creek. The largest known cave along the North Fork, it is believed to have been carved by the river&#39;s flow; the reason for its diversion away from the alcove is unknown.</p><br>
<p>Mummy Cave was occupied between 7280 BC and AD 1580.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Although it is referred to as a "cave", Mummy Cave is actually a broad, shallow alcove in a vertical cliff. It owes its depth to its overall size and the stability of the parent rock. The alcove&#39;s roof is about 50 ft above the river, with the rock floor of the alcove at about 4 ft above the river. By the time it was discovered, the alcove had been almost entirely filled with alluvium. The cliff is composed of Tertiary period volcanic ash mixed with larger rock fragments of volcanic origin. The cave fill has accumulated for at least 10,000 years and appears to have originated from nearby debris fans formed where weathered material has flowed down channels in neighboring cliffs.</p><br>
<p>Apart from the depth and consistent nature of the alluvium, Mummy Cave is also characterized by extreme dryness. The pointed shape of the cliff above prevents rain and meltwater from percolating through the rock to the cave, and there are no vertical joints in the rock above.</p><br>
<h2>Archeological investigation</h2><br>
<p>The investigation of Mummy Cave was led by Robert Edgar from 1963 to 1965. The alcove was marked out into a 5 ft grid, with a permanent reference mark for elevation marked on the wall. Initial investigation focused on establishing stratigraphy. Once the layers of alluvium in the cave floor were established, the excavation proceeded layer by layer. The excavations terraced the cave floor into 4 to 6 ft levels, following the established reference grid. Digging was done with hand trowels in the artifact-bearing layers while layers devoid of artifacts were excavated with shovels. Spoils were disposed of down the embankment.</p><br>
<p>The site had previously been disturbed by relic hunters, who had dug a 2.5 ft deep pit in what turned out to be the most productive zone of the excavation. The relic hunters appear to have stopped when they encountered a rock cairn that covered what proved to be a human burial site.</p><br>
<p>By the end of 1963 a portion of the site had been excavated to a depth of 20 ft and shored with timbers, while the upper three cultural zones (layers 36–38) were removed across the site. During the 1964 season layers 29–35 were removed and some zones were excavated much more deeply. In 1965 layers 24–28 were removed from the central area of the alcove. By this time it was clear that excavation would proceed for the full depth of the site, and that the disposal of a considerable quantity of excavated debris would need to be addressed. A bulldozer was brought in to remove sections of fill beyond the drip line of the shelter. The 1966 season was directed by Wilfred M. Husted. Results of the Mummy Cave investigations were published in Science in 1968.</p><br>
<h2>Results</h2><br>
<p>The excavation of Mummy Cave yielded a nearly continuous succession of artifacts, which span a period of over 9000 years. The artifacts were disposed in a manner that permitted dating in both relative terms through stratigraphy, as well as through radiocarbon dating to establish an absolute scale. This continuum has proved to be invaluable in relating and dating other excavations in the Rocky Mountain region. In particular, the stone projectile points found at Mummy Cave have been used to set the standard for classifying stone arrowheads and spear heads in the region. The point typology has been extrapolated to define cultural and commercial relationships between peoples throughout the American West. Stratigraphy and carbon dating indicate that Mummy Cave was first occupied near the end of the Pinedale glaciation. Later occupancy spanned the Altithermal, followed by a cooler climate from about 1000 BC.</p><br>
<p>The earliest layers at Mummy Cave yielded a few prismatic stone blades dating to about 7300 BC. Several layers contained no artifacts and were defined by soot layers. By layer 6 the first parallel-oblique points appeared. By Layer 8, roughly corresponding to 6500 BC, the cultural evidence became continuous. Layers 8, 9, 10 and 12 produced lanceolate or leaf-shaped projectile points which have been interpreted as corresponding to Angostura-style points. This implies that the inhabitants of Mummy Cave during this era were big-game hunters from the Great Plains who adapted to the mountain environment. In layer 16, radiocarbon dated to 5630 BC, a new type of point appeared. These Blackwater side-notched points implied the arrival of a group from eastern Nebraska or western Iowa, replacing the previous group which may have moved to the north. The presence of such points suggests a connection with the Simonsen Site in northeastern Iowa, which has been dated to the Early Archaic period. This transition coincided with the climatic shift to the Altithermal. Side-notched points recovered from layers 21, 24 and 28 imply a return of the previous inhabitants; the easterners had moved on to the central Columbian Plateau.</p><br>
<p>Layer 30 was dated to 2470±150 BC. Layer 32 was dated to 870±135 BC. It is hypothesized that layers 32–38 represent the presence of people of the Shoshonean culture, with increasingly definitive Shoshonean artifacts present from layer 36 onward, including cordage and basketwork. Layer 38 yielded gray flat-bottomed pottery of Shoshonean manufacture. Layer 36 is notable as the source of the "mummy." The desiccated body of an adult male covered by a sheepskin garment with fur and feather ornament was recovered from this layer and dated to about AD 770 by radiocarbon dating.</p><br>
<p>Several thousand animal bones were discovered in Mummy Cave. While the large majority of the bones could not be identified, researchers at the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) were able to determine the biological origins of over two thousand bones. As at many other archeological sites in the region, significant numbers of Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis) and deer from the genus Odocoileus were identified. Of particular interest to biologists was the much larger number of sheep than deer: eighty-eight sheep and fifteen deer were identified. Such a prevalence of sheep over deer is highly unusual for archeological sites in the region, because deer are equally or more plentiful in areas such as the one in which Mummy Cave is located. This anomaly has led researchers at UTEP to propose that the site was used as a home base for hunters to operate at higher altitudes.</p><br>
<p>The wide range of artifacts discovered at the site has caused Mummy Cave to be seen as a highly significant site for the study of Rocky Mountain archeology. The cave&#39;s significance was recognized by the National Park Service with its placement on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.</p><br>
<p>The Casita del Infante is a historic building in San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain, constructed as a private home for the Infante Gabriel of Spain, hence its name. The small residence was built during the late 18th century during the reign of his father Charles III of Spain. The Casita was built in an era where it was popular for nobles and Royalty to have a small "hideaway" to entertain informally; the most famous example of this is Marie Antoinette&#39;s Petit Trianon.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Casita was built near the Renaissance monastery-palace of El Escorial between 1771 and 1773. The building was designed in Neoclassical style by the prominent architect Juan de Villanueva whose best-known building is the Museo del Prado in Madrid. Villanueva also designed the Casita del Príncipe, the private residence of Gabriel&#39;s older brother Infante Charles, Prince of Asturias. The two "casitas" form a pair, with the Casita del Infante having the alternative name of the Casita de Arriba (the upper casita) indicating its position relative to the Casita del Principe.</p><br>
<p>Patrimonial Nacional, the state agency for Spanish royal sites, is responsible for managing the property, which is open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The gardens of the building were designed in the Italian style and still remain today even if they are slightly less lavish. Sadly, the original decoration has been lost; one ceiling can still be seen and was painted by Vicente Gómez; the ceiling shows the Four Seasons.</p><br>
<h3>Royal residents</h3><br>
<p>It was at the Casita that Infante Gabriel saw the birth of his two last children by his wife Infanta Mariana Vitória of Portugal: the Infanta Maria Carlota (4 November 1787 – 6 November 1787) and his second son the Infante Carlos (28 October 1788 – 9 November 1788); the two children died at the Casita as well. Infante Gabriel as well as his wife caught smallpox in 1788 and died at the Casita. The couple, as well as the Infante Carlos, were buried at the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial which can be seen from the Casita with beautiful views.</p><br>
<p>North Parade in Bath, Somerset, England is a historic terrace built around 1741 by John Wood, the Elder. Several of the houses have been designated as Grade I listed buildings.</p><br>
<p>North Parade was part of a wider scheme to build a Royal Forum, including South Parade, Pierrepont and Duke Streets, similar to Queen Square, which was never completed. Wood designed the facade, of Bath stone, after which a variety of builders completed the work with different interiors and rear elevations. Many of the buildings are now hotels and shops whilst some remain as private residences.</p><br>
<p>The three-storey house at Number 1 was the home of John Palmer, who owned the Theatre Royal, Bath and instigator of the British system of mail coaches that was the beginning of the great British post office reforms with the introduction of an efficient mail coach delivery service in Great Britain during the late 18th century. He was Mayor of Bath on two occasions and Comptroller General of the Post Office, and later served as Member of Parliament for the constituency of Bath between 1801 and 1807.</p><br>
<p>Numbers 2 to 6 were converted into a hotel, which included some alterations to the fabric of the building.</p><br>
<p>Numbers 7 to 12 include a central projection and pediments over the doors. Number 9 is connected with Wordsworth and number 11 was home to Edmund Burke and Oliver Goldsmith, of the literary Club, in 1771.</p><br>
<p>The final house, number 14, is faces the River Avon and adjoins the last house in Duke Street. It was known as Sheridan House, and later as the Gay Hotel. In the garden below the house is a little grotto dedicated to Delia.</p><br>
<p>North Parade Bridge was built almost 100 years later in 1836 by William Tierney Clark. His original bridge was made of cast iron on stone abutments, with lodges and staircases. This was rebuilt in 1936, being refaced in stone over a new reinforced concrete superstructure which replaced the two outside ribs of the original eight cast-iron arches.</p><br>
<p>The entrance to the council-run Sports and Leisure Centre on the Recreation Ground is to the east of the bridge. Further east on North Parade Road is the Bath Cricket Club Ground, and the Bath Law Courts which holds the Bath Magistrates&#39; Court and the Bath County Court and Family Court.</p><br>
<p>South Parade in Bath, Somerset, England is a historic terrace built around 1743 by John Wood, the Elder. All of the houses have been designated as Grade I listed buildings.</p><br>
<p>South Parade was part of a wider scheme to build a Royal Forum, including North Parade, Pierrepont and Duke Streets, similar to Queen Square, which was never completed. Wood designed the facade, of Bath stone, after which a variety of builders completed the work with different interiors and rear elevations. Many of the buildings are now hotels and restaurants whilst some remain as private residences. The area which Wood envisaged as an area of sunken gardens matching the houses is now a car park.</p><br>
<p>Numbers 1, 2 and 3 (which is now the Halcyon Hotel and now includes Circo Bar and Lounge nightclub) and numbers 4 to 8 (which became the 46 room Pratt&#39;s Hotel) form a 3-storey terrace with a double break at the centre. There is a central pediment and balustraded parapet and the central door has Ionic columns. Number 6 was associated with Sir Walter Scott in 1775.</p><br>
<p>Numbers 9 to 13 became the Southbourne Hotel and is now divided into flats. Number 12 was associated with John Hunter FRS in 1785. Number 14, which was associated with Fanny Burney in 1780, is the end of terrace and next to the River Avon.</p><br>
<p>On the southern side of the road is the Roman Catholic St John&#39;s Church, which was designed and built between 1861 and 1863 by Charles Francis Hansom who added the 222 foot (68 metre) spire in 1867.</p><br>
<p>The Barnesville Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Depot, at 300 East Church Street, lies between Mulberry and Railroad Streets in Barnesville, Ohio. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 8, 1985.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Founding to Rails: 1808-1960</h3><br>
<p>The village of Barnesville was platted in 1808 by James Barnes, who took advantage of a Drovers&#39; road that ran through the area from the Ohio River. This road, as well as National Road, led to Barnesville being populated quickly. A railroad line was laid out through Barnesville in the middle 1850s and a wooden freight house was built close to the current location of the depot. Passenger service for the town was located in a corner room of the freight house until 1914, when the town was granted a depot by the B&O Railroad.</p><br>
<p>The depot was opened in 1916 and was heralded by the local newspaper as "long needed and greatly desired." The depot was the site of many city events, including troop send-offs during World War I, World War II, and the Korean War, as well as several Farmers&#39; markets held on the site.</p><br>
<h3>Decline: 1960-1984</h3><br>
<p>The area surrounding the depot once consisted of manufacturers and warehouses like the Watt Car and Wheel Company and The Barnesville Glass Company, but has changed to mostly residential. The wooden freight house was demolished in 1962, leaving the depot as the only substantial building on the site. Besides the railroad tunnel west of the site, the depot is the only building in Barnesville relating to the important era of rail in the town. The last passenger departed the depot in 1961. The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway took over the B&O Railroad and operated the depot as offices and freight depot until 1983, when they vacated the "eastern division."</p><br>
<h3>Redevelopment: 1984-present</h3><br>
<p>The building sat vacant and was primarily opened for the Barnesville Pumpkin Festival for exhibits on the early years of Barnesville and the history of the railroad and its impact on the town. The Barnesville Area Chamber of Commerce occupied the depot as offices from late 1990s until 2006, when they moved to a site in downtown Barnesville.</p><br>
<p>The depot has been the center of activity as the Governor&#39;s Rails to Trails program will place a path along the old railway route from the depot to the east end of the town limits and may lead to an extension of the trail to the western limits as well.</p><br>
<p>A pavilion was built beside the depot on the foundations of the old freight house and is the site of the Barnesville Farmers Market as well as events during the Barnesville Pumpkin Festival</p><br>
<h2>Appearance</h2><br>
<p>The depot is built in a Federal style with Spanish Mission elements. The building is a rectangular one-story structure built with buff red bricks in flemish bond with a stone watertable. The depot is surrounded by a brick road leading uphill to Church Street (the depot sits in a depression 30 feet lower than the city).</p><br>
<p>Flat arched windows are double-sashed and contain either 6/6 or 4/4 panels and are set back from the exterior wall. A central door surrounded by a fanlight and side panels rest in the middle of the building. To either side of the door is a window and an unadorned pilaster. A double panel window lights either side of the building. The last 8 feet of the building then sets back from the footprint.</p><br>
<p>The roof protudes about 5 feet from the wall and is supported by solid molded brackets. The roof is tiled in a reddish colored clay. The roof is protruded by a Mission-style dormer, the window is surrounded by a pillar topped by a stone ball. The dormer rises in a step/curved pattern to an arch. The stylized window lights the waiting room below.</p><br>
<p>The design of the depot reflects many others built by the B&O Railroad during the early 1900s.</p><br>
<p>Nobscot Hill is a USGS name for a high point in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, and is located in Framingham. It has various radio towers and a fire tower. Below Nobscot Hill is the Nobscot Reservation including Tippling Rock. In 2008, a 303 acre portion of the Nobscot Scout Reservation in Sudbury was permanently conserved by Sudbury Valley Trustees, the Town of Sudbury, and the Knox Trail Council, Boy Scouts of America.</p><br>
<p>Nobscot Hill commands a 360-degree view including Boston, MetroWest, the Blue Hills, Lower Kearsarge, Mount Monadnock, Mount Wachusett, Mount Agamenticus, and all of the unremarkable bumps to the SouthWest.</p><br>
<p>Tantamous, a medicine man called Old Jethro by the colonists, lived on Nobscot Hill at the beginning of King Philip’s War in 1674. Revolutionary War General, John Nixon lived and farmed on the north side of Nobscot Hill after the war was over.</p><br>
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<p>The Bear and Billet is a public house at 94 Lower Bridge Street, Chester, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building. The building has been described as "the finest 17th-century timber-framed town house in Chester", and "one of the last of the great timber-framed town houses in England". It stands on the west side of Lower Bridge Street to the north of the Bridgegate.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1664 as the town house of the Earls of Shrewsbury who held control of the nearby Bridgegate. It was also probably used as a grain warehouse because in the gable are double doors and a bracket for a hoist. The building became an inn in the 18th century, although it continued to be owned by the Shrewsbury family until 1867. Its name is taken from the heraldic device of the Earls that consist of a bear tied to a billet (or stake).</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is constructed in timber framing with plaster panels. It consists of cellars, above which are three storeys and an attic in the gable overlooking the street. The roof has purple slates and a ridge at right-angles to the street. Each storey is jettied above the storey below. On the ground floor are two doors, one to the south and the other placed more centrally. To the right of each door is a three-light window. At the base of the first floor are 16 rectangular timber framed plaster panels. Above these is a window stretching along the whole length of the frontage; it is divided into 32 lights separated by mullions and transoms and containing leaded lights.</p><br>
<p>In the second floor storey are 12 arched timber framed panels. The window above these is similar to that in the first floor. Over this window is a row of 12 square decorated timber-framed panels. In the attic is a double timber door surrounded by panels. On each side of this door, and above it, are two-light windows containing leaded lights. In the apex of the gable is herringbone timber framing. The bargeboard is carved and has a finial at its peak.</p><br>
<p>Naqa or Nagaa  is a ruined ancient city of the Kushitic Kingdom of Meroë in modern-day Sudan. The ancient city lies about 170 km north-east of Khartoum and about 50 km east of the Nile River located at approximately MGRS 36QWC290629877. Here smaller wadis meet the Wadi Awateib coming from the center of the Butana plateau region and further north at Wad ban Naqa from where it joins the Nile. Naqa was only a camel or donkeys journey from the Nile, and could serve as a trading station on the way to the east so had strategic importance.</p><br>
<p>Naqa is one of the largest ruined sites in the country and indicates an important ancient city once stood in the location. It was one of the centers of the Kingdom of Meroë, which served as a bridge between the Mediterranean world and Africa.</p><br>
<p>The site has two notable temples, one devoted to Amun and the other to Apedemak which also has a Roman kiosk nearby.</p><br>
<h2>Research</h2><br>
<p>The first European travelers reached Naqa in 1822, including Hermann von Pückler-Muskau in 1837. In 1843, it was visited by Richard Lepsius and his Prussian Egypt-Sudan expedition. He copied some of the inscriptions and representations of the temple standing here. In 1958 a team from Berlin&#39;s Humboldt University visited Naqa and documented the temple and restored part of the site along with the nearby site of Musawwarat es Sufra in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Since 1995 Naqa has been excavated by a German-Polish team with the participation of the Egyptian Museum of Berlin and the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation. It is directed by Professor Dietrich Wildung and is financed by the German Research Council (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) and also includes Polish archaeologist Professor Lech Krzyżaniak and a small group of Polish archaeologists from Poznań.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>Naqa comprises several Meroitic temples dating back to 4th century BC - 4th century AD, and the ruins of an apparent urban agglomeration and several burial grounds. Archaeologists have cited Naqa as one of the most important centres of this first civilization of Black Africa. The remains of various temples have been found, but the two largest and most significant temples of Naqa are the Amun temple and the Apedemak temple (also known as the Temple of the Lion), both of which are still well preserved.</p><br>
<h3>Temple of Amun</h3><br>
<p>Amun was a deity in Egyptian mythology who in the form of Amun-Ra became the focus of the most complex system of theology in Ancient Egypt. Whilst remaining hypostatic deities, Amun represented the essential and hidden, whilst in Ra he represented revealed divinity. As the creator deity "par excellence", he was the champion of the poor and central to personal piety. Amun was self-created, without mother and father, and during the New Kingdom he became the greatest expression of transcendental deity in Egyptian theology. His position as King of gods developed to the point of virtual monotheism where other gods became manifestations of him. With Osiris, Amun-Ra is the most widely recorded of the Egyptian gods.</p><br>
<p>The Amun temple of Naqa was founded by King Natakamani and is 100 metres in length and has several statues of the ruler. The temple is aligned on an east-west exis and is made of sandstone, which has been somewhat eroded by the wind. The temple is designed in the Egyptian style, with an outer court and colonnade of rams similar to the Temple of Amun at Jebel Barkal and Karnak, and leads to a hypostyle hall containing the inner sanctuary (naos). The main entrances and walls of the temple contain relief carvings.</p><br>
<p>In 1999 the German-Polish archaeology team explored the area of the inner sanctuary of the temple where the main statue of the god was originally kept. They discovered an undamaged painted "altar", which includes iconography and names written in hieroglyphs of the king Natakamani and his wife Amanitore, and founders of the temple. The altar is considered unique for Sudan and Egypt in that time period. A fifth statue of the king Natakamani was also discovered in this chamber along with a commemorative stone stela of Queen Amanishakheto who is believed to have been ruling the Meroites prior to the reign of Natakamani and Amanitore. The obverse shows a delicate sunken relief of the queen and a goddess who was a partner of the Meroitic lion god Apademak. The reverse and sides of the stela contain undeciphered Meroitic hieroglyphs and is considered by the discovery team to be one of the best examples of Meroitic art found to date. After excavation, reconstruction and measurement of the temple of Amun for over a decade, on 1 December 2006, the Sudanese authorities regained management, giving responsibility to the Ministry of Culture.</p><br>
<p>Another Amun temple, named Naqa 200 has been excavated since 2004. It was built by Amanikhareqerem and is similar to the Temple of Natakamani very similar and is dated to the 2nd or 3rd century AD although some finds may be contradictory to the precise dating, adding to an already fuzzy understanding of Nubian chronology.</p><br>
<h3>Temple of Apedemak</h3><br>
<p>Located to the west of the temple of Amun is the temple of Apedemak (or the Lion Temple). Apedemak was a lion-headed warrior god worshipped in Nubia. The god was used as a sacred guardian of the deceased hereditary chief, prince or king. Anyone who touched the chief&#39;s grave was said to be cursed by this Apedemak.</p><br>
<p>The temple is considered a classic example of Kushite architecture. The front of the temple is an extensive gateway, and depicts Natakamani and Amanitore on the left and right exerting divine power over their prisoners, symbolically with lions at their feet. Who the prisoners are exactly in unclear, although historical records have revealed that the Kushites frequently clashed with invading desert clans. Towards the edges are fine representations of Apedemak who is represented by a snake emerging from a lotus flower. On the sides of the temple are depictions of the gods Amun, Horus and Apedemak keeping company in the presence of the king. On the rear wall of the temple is the largest depiction of the lion god, and is illustrated receiving offering from the king and queen. He is depicted as a three-headed god with four arms. Inside the temple is a carving of the god Serapis who is depicted with Greco-Roman style beard. Another god with a crown is depicted but is unidentified, but believed to be of Persian origin.</p><br>
<p>Although the architecture of the main Apedemak temple is strongly influenced by Ancient Egyptian architecture, exhibiting some classic Egyptian forms, some of the depictions of the king and queen are fine examples of the differences between Egyptian and Kushite art. King Natakamani and Queen Amanitore are depicted with round heads and broad shoulders, with the relief of Amanitore having unusually wide hips, which is more typical of African art. So the temple of Apedemak illustrates profoundly the fusing together of artistic influences by the Kushites, especially when taking into account the nearby Roman kiosk which clearly is influenced by Ancient Greece and Rome (as discussed below). The depiction of Apedemak displaying a lotus flower is also somewhat unusual, and initially led early archaeologists of Naqa to speculate that the temple had Indian influences, given that trade routes from India led to the ancient Red Sea port of Adulis, in modern-day Eritrea. These connections are still being explored by modern archaeologists.</p><br>
<h4>Roman kiosk</h4><br>
<p>The Roman kiosk is a small temple near the main temple building, which has strong Hellenistic elements. The entrance to the kiosk is Egyptian and is topped by a lintel with a row of sacred ureaus (cobras) but the sides consists of columns with florid Corinthian capitals arched windows in the Roman style. The goddess Isis was known to have absorbed some characteristics of Hathor.</p><br>
<h2>Other</h2><br>
<p>Finally, standing at the foot of the sandstone cliffs of Jabal Naqa the temple named "500". It was built by Shanakdakhete around 135 BC, making it the oldest building on the site. The texts on the temple walls are the oldest known writings in Meroitic hieroglyphs. Judging by the reliefs, the temple was dedicated to the Theban triad of Amun, Mut, and Khonsu, as well as Apedemak. In 1834, Giuseppe Ferlini discovered treasure which was severely damaged. A thorough excavation and restoration has been made since.</p><br>
<p>Northstar Island is a 5 acre artificial island in the Beaufort Sea, 12 mi northwest of Prudhoe Bay, Alaska and 6 mi north of the Alaska coast. The island was created to develop the Northstar Oil Pool, which is located approximately 12,500 ft below the seabed. The oil pool was discovered on January 30, 1984 by Royal Dutch Shell.</p><br>
<p>A small artificial island was built at the site to house an exploration oil well. After additional exploration, Alaska International Construction began construction of the island in the winter of 1999&ndash;2000. A standard oil-drilling platform, such as those used in the Gulf of Mexico, was not feasible because of the annual formation of pack ice close to the northern Alaska coast. A stable, year-round artificial island was the only way to provide the permanent structures needed for a production oil well. To protect against the erosive force of masses of ice, the island&#39;s shores were covered in concrete mats that extend 4 ft above the average waterline and 18 ft below it.</p><br>
<p>Because of its distance from shore, no causeway could be built to the island, unlike with previous projects such as the creation of Endicott Island. Northstar Island thus became the first drilling operation in the Beaufort Sea to use a subsea pipeline to transport oil to shore and then into the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. Through 2000 and 2001, construction continued. In the winter, an ice road was built across the frozen Beaufort Sea. In the summer, barges brought supplies.</p><br>
<p>During the first winter of construction, more than 700,000 yd3 of gravel was brought in from the Alaska mainland over ice roads to bring the island above sea level. To reach the seabed, workers had to cut blocks of frozen Beaufort Sea ice and remove them with cranes. Similar techniques had to be used as workers trenched the seafloor for the three pipelines connecting the island to the shore. The pipes were welded and placed in the trenches more than 7 ft below the seabed. The trenches were then filled by the special floating backhoes that dug them. By the time the winter ice melted, the island was above sea level, and both pipelines were in place and tested.</p><br>
<p>In the summer of 2000, an equipment barge arrived at the island with the first modular buildings for the site, but not until a short delay was caused by Greenpeace activists who occupied the barge for 39 hours in Barrow. In October 2000, the first natural gas began to flow to the island to power equipment brought on the barge. The winter of 2000&ndash;2001 brought a new ice road and new construction, including the beginning of drilling on the island. The final two barges of modular equipment arrived in summer 2001.</p><br>
<p>When construction was completed, the entire Northstar Island project—including pipelines—cost $686 million. Today, the project is 98.08 percent owned by Hilcorp Alaska, LLC. The remaining 1.92 percent is controlled by Murphy Oil Co.</p><br>
<p>Production at Northstar has not always been smooth. In 2003, a transformer failed and shut down operations for more than a month until a heavy-duty helicopter flew in a new one. Specialized leak-detection equipment and sensors had to be developed to prevent problems with the unique undersea pipeline employed by the project in the Beaufort Sea.</p><br>
<p>The Church of St. Luke and St. Matthew is a historic Episcopal church at 520 Clinton Avenue between Fulton Street and Atlantic Avenue in the Clinton Hill neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City. It was built in 1888-91 as St. Lukes Protestant Episcopal Church and was designed by John Welch in the Romanesque Revival style. The AIA Guide to New York City describes the buildings "great facade" as "Eclecticism gone berserk,"</p><br>
<p>The congregation of St. Lukes was founded in 1841 following the failure of Trinity Church. The congregations building eventually grew to be the largest in the Episcopal Diocese of Long Island. It merged with the St. Matthew’s Episcopal Church in 1943, and the Church of St. Michael and St. Mark in 1993. The St. Matthew’s Episcopal Church was a popular church, that was established in 1859 at McDonough Street and Tompkins Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The church was designated a New York City Landmark in 1981 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>In the early morning of December 23, 2012, the building was damaged by a fire.</p><br>
<p>Franey Mountain</p><br>
<p>is located in Victoria County, in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, within Cape Breton Highlands National Park. Franey Mountain is part of the Cape Breton Highlands plateau and is located 4.5 km west of Ingonish, Cape Breton Island. The elevation of the mountain is 430 m. It is the highpoint of the massif between Dundas Brook and Clyburn Brook.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking</h2><br>
<p>The mountain can be accessed by a hiking trail which leads to the summit, offering views over the open ocean from Cape Smokey in the east to Money Point in the north, with the Middle Head Peninsula jutting out into the Atlantic directly below. A dramatic view of the mountains, the sheer rocky face of Franey Mountain, and the Clyburn Brook winding through the valley, 425 m below. The highpoint of the mountain can be difficult to locate as the summit is broad and flat.</p><br>
<p>Mount Maroon is a mountain in South East Queensland that is part of the McPherson Range. The mountain rises to 966 m above sea level about 12 km west of Rathdowney.</p><br>
<p>The original indigenous name for the mountain is Wahlmoorum which means sand goanna in the Yuggera language. Another aboriginal name documented for the mountain is Dahl-moor-uhn, which means "big fellow waterhole bunyip" attributed to two small yet deep lagoons, on the summit of the mountain. The earliest photograph of the lagoons are from 1910. The current name for the mountain comes from the first grazing property in the area called Maroon.</p><br>
<p>Mount Maroon consists mainly of rhyolite and has its geological origins in the cooling of molten rock beneath the surface.</p><br>
<p>The mountain was first gazetted in 1938 as Mount Maroon National Park.</p><br>
<p>Three rock climbers had to be rescued from the mountain in 2002. In early 2008 a bull mastiff named Diff made headlines when it slipped over a ledge and had to be rescued via helicopter. The dog, which was not permitted to be in the national park, led rescuers (by its barking) to two men who were stranded on a steep cliff ledge when trying to rescue the dog.</p><br>
<p>The Kelsey–Davey Farm is a farm on Old Seneca Turnpike in the town of Skaneateles, New York. The farm dates from 1810. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The house is located at 1861 Old Seneca Turnpike, which is just west of the village of Marcellus.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, it is still owned by members of the Davey family and has been completely restored. The house is quite close to the road and fully visible. The barns are no longer standing, however the ruins of the big horse barn are due west of the house. The first floor of the barn was stone and is still standing. It is visible from the road, although it is built into a hillside and the side facing the road is mostly underground. The original three-seater outhouse is the only outbuilding still standing, it is directly behind the main structure.</p><br>
<p>Shannon Cave is an active stream passage cave in southern Ulster.</p><br>
<p>At 130 m vertical depth, it stands joint sixth with Poulnagree in Munster in the deepest caves of Ireland. The cave is recorded at 5.4 km in length (making it the sixth-longest on the island Ireland), but exploration is ongoing and further passage is expected to be found.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The cave consists in the main of a large mainstream passage running to a terminal sump. The water flowing in the cave has been dye traced to Shannon Pot, two kilometres to the west of the terminal sump, which is the traditional source of the River Shannon. Inlets to the main passage are numerous. Some, such as the large "Mistake Passage" have been pushed only a short distance. Since the cave is undergoing active exploration, there remain many issues to be sorted out and the sinks for many of these inlets remains unclear. The stream passage itself is of considerable proportions in parts, but also contains many higher level fossil passages which have been deserted by the stream. The cave contains numerous calcite formations, with large amounts of helictites in places. Boulder chokes are frequent with several parts of the cave being quite unstable, especially the JCP passage.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>While the location of the entrance to the cave is in County Fermanagh, the majority of the cave lies under County Cavan. The original entrance to the cave was in Cavan; however, this is now inaccessible. The current entrance of Polltullyard is located north of the Marlbank area of Fermanagh, high in the moors.</p><br>
<h2>Exploration history</h2><br>
<h3>Discovery and initial exploration</h3><br>
<p>The cave was discovered in August 1980 by members of the Reyfad Group, the cavers&#39; collective responsible for exploring the Reyfad system. The entrance was made in a shakehole adjacent to the sink point of the Hune (pronounced "honey") stream, and close the border in County Cavan. The initial route was dug through a highly unstable area of glacial fill, making it extremely treacherous. Once in the cave the cavers encountered a "main" streamway into which the Hune flowed, with the upstream section leading to "JCP Passage" and the downstream section passing another significant inlet, "Mistake Passage". By the end of August, the team had progressed past several boulder chokes and explored cave passages some 1.6 km in length.</p><br>
<p>Downstream, the team reached a terminus at a prominent boulder choke, through which they attempted to dig. In October 1980 a section of the choke collapsed on Rev. George Pitt while he attempted to force a passage at river level. He became trapped for 10 hours, but was freed after a major rescue effort. at the terminal sump beneath another large boulder choke, and the extension to this point was named "The Mayfly Extension".</p><br>
<p>While discoveries were being made in Shannon Cave in 1980, attention was also being paid to a large doline less than a kilometre away in County Fermanagh. Members of the Reyfad Group (including the aforementioned Rev. Pitt) and the Irish Caving Club worked together to dig their way into passage leading to a 30 m underground shaft, with boulder chokes and crawls at its base. They named this cave Co-operation Pot in honour of their collaboration, but later the name Polltullyard, after the local townland, was adopted.</p><br>
<h3>Collapse and re-entry</h3><br>
<p>The Hune inlet entrance to Shannon was always dangerous, often dumping rocks on passing cavers and finally in 1995 it collapsed, making the cave inaccessible. During subsequent years attention was turned to Polltullyard, the downstream end of which lay within 60 m of upstream JCP Passage, according to the surveys. Various groups of cavers attempted to dig through the terminal boulder choke, but none were successful in stabilising the passage. In 2004 cavers from the Shannon Group began in earnest to attempt to re-enter the system, and initiated a new dig in the direction of Shannon Cave. By 2005 Shannon Cave had been re-entered via a very tight section of passage named the "Rebirth Canal". The cavers had regained JCP Passage, and access to the rest of the cave as far as Georges Choke, which had collapsed again as reported by cavers on the last trip into Shannon Cave. In 2007, after two years work digging and stabilising, George&#39;s Choke was passed. The explorers reached the terminal sump, the first people to do so in twelve years.</p><br>
<h3>2008: Saint Patrick's Extension</h3><br>
<p>A new dig began on a balcony above the terminal sump, attempting to push a route through the boulder choke, but progress was slow and the choke proved unstable. In early 2008 a team of British cave divers were invited over to dive the sump, now named "Young, Free and Desperate". After 40 m the divers emerged at the far side of the choke and made a voice connection with the dry cavers on the other side. After exploring downstream for one kilometre they returned to help dig from the other side of the choke. A connection was made a week later, after a further dive. Twelve hundred metres of cave was surveyed beyond the choke, eventually terminating at a new terminal sump. This new section was named "St. Patrick&#39;s Extension".</p><br>
<h3>2009: Easter Extension</h3><br>
<p>Methodical exploration of high-level leads in St. Patricks Extension in 2009 led to the discovery of a tight cross-rift intercepting a section of the main streamway named "Paddys Parade" at right-angles. The dry, tightly meandering rift, the "Snake Escape", was followed for 30 m to a 10 m upward pitch, from the top of which led 70 m of crawling passage to a number of deep pitch heads. The last of these pitches was found to take a small stream, which was followed at the base of the pitch to a sump. Although it has not been traced, it is likely that this stream joins the main Shannon Cave watercourse further downstream of the Snake Escape.</p><br>
<p>Upstream, beyond the pitches, a further 150 m of active stream passage was followed upstream to a sump. The total surveyed length of all branches in the extension came to 635 m.</p><br>
<p>The Pico do Cabugi, also known as the Serra do Cabuji or Serrote da Itaretama, is the only extinct volcano in Brazil which preserves its original form. It is 590 meters high and is located in the Cabugi Ecological State Park in the municipality of Angicos in the state of Rio Grande do Norte.</p><br>
<p>Composed mainly of basaltic alkaline intrusive rocks, this volcano was the result of a major geological upheaval in the tertiary era which were responsible for various volcanic cones in the rocky state of Rio Grande do Norte. They have been dated using radioactive isotopes as the most recent of Brazilian igneous rocks (± 19 million years). The presence of small xenoliths indicate that these rocks have originated at a great depth (about 60 km).</p><br>
<p>The researcher Lenine Pinto argues that when Brazil was first discovered by Pedro Álvares Cabral, it was Pico do Cabugi that he first saw and not Monte Pascoal.</p><br>
